refactor: remove unused code

It is now done afterward through an interceptor. No more need to burden assignments with plugin messages etc. Only return the key and the optional args.

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/container/LessonTemplateResolver.java

@@ -55,8 +55,8 @@ import org.thymeleaf.templateresource.StringTemplateResource;
 public class LessonTemplateResolver extends FileTemplateResolver {
 
   private static final String PREFIX = "lesson:";
-  private ResourceLoader resourceLoader;
+  private final ResourceLoader resourceLoader;
-  private Map<String, byte[]> resources = new HashMap<>();
+  private final Map<String, byte[]> resources = new HashMap<>();
 
   public LessonTemplateResolver(ResourceLoader resourceLoader) {
     this.resourceLoader = resourceLoader;

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/container/MvcConfiguration.java

@@ -40,7 +40,6 @@ import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.i18n.Language;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.i18n.Messages;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.i18n.PluginMessages;
-import org.owasp.webgoat.container.lessons.LessonScanner;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.session.LabelDebugger;
 import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
 import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
@@ -74,8 +73,6 @@ public class MvcConfiguration implements WebMvcConfigurer {
 
   private static final String UTF8 = "UTF-8";
 
-  private final LessonScanner lessonScanner;
-
   @Override
   public void addViewControllers(ViewControllerRegistry registry) {
     registry.addViewController("/login").setViewName("login");
@@ -187,28 +184,6 @@ public class MvcConfiguration implements WebMvcConfigurer {
     registry
         .addResourceHandler("/fonts/**")
         .addResourceLocations("classpath:/webgoat/static/fonts/");
-
-    // WebGoat lessons
-    registry
-        .addResourceHandler("/images/**")
-        .addResourceLocations(
-            lessonScanner.applyPattern("classpath:/lessons/%s/images/").toArray(String[]::new));
-    registry
-        .addResourceHandler("/lesson_js/**")
-        .addResourceLocations(
-            lessonScanner.applyPattern("classpath:/lessons/%s/js/").toArray(String[]::new));
-    registry
-        .addResourceHandler("/lesson_css/**")
-        .addResourceLocations(
-            lessonScanner.applyPattern("classpath:/lessons/%s/css/").toArray(String[]::new));
-    registry
-        .addResourceHandler("/lesson_templates/**")
-        .addResourceLocations(
-            lessonScanner.applyPattern("classpath:/lessons/%s/templates/").toArray(String[]::new));
-    registry
-        .addResourceHandler("/video/**")
-        .addResourceLocations(
-            lessonScanner.applyPattern("classpath:/lessons/%s/video/").toArray(String[]::new));
   }
 
   @Bean

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/container/WebGoat.java

@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@ package org.owasp.webgoat.container;
 
 import java.io.File;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.session.LessonSession;
-import org.owasp.webgoat.container.users.UserRepository;
 import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
 import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.EnableAutoConfiguration;
 import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.domain.EntityScan;
@@ -54,12 +53,6 @@ import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;
 @EntityScan(basePackages = "org.owasp.webgoat.container")
 public class WebGoat {
 
-  private final UserRepository userRepository;
-
-  public WebGoat(UserRepository userRepository) {
-    this.userRepository = userRepository;
-  }
-
   @Bean(name = "pluginTargetDirectory")
   public File pluginTargetDirectory(@Value("${webgoat.user.directory}") final String webgoatHome) {
     return new File(webgoatHome);

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/container/assignments/AssignmentEndpoint.java

@@ -25,51 +25,4 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments;
 
-import org.owasp.webgoat.container.i18n.PluginMessages;
+public interface AssignmentEndpoint {}
-import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
-
-public abstract class AssignmentEndpoint {
-
-  // TODO: move this to different bean.
-  @Autowired private PluginMessages messages;
-
-  /**
-   * Convenience method for create a successful result:
-   *
-   * <p>- Assignment is set to solved - Feedback message is set to 'assignment.solved'
-   *
-   * <p>Of course you can overwrite these values in a specific lesson
-   *
-   * @return a builder for creating a result from a lesson
-   * @param assignment
-   */
-  protected AttackResult.AttackResultBuilder success(AssignmentEndpoint assignment) {
-    return AttackResult.builder(messages)
-        .lessonCompleted(true)
-        .attemptWasMade()
-        .feedback("assignment.solved")
-        .assignment(assignment);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Convenience method for create a failed result:
-   *
-   * <p>- Assignment is set to not solved - Feedback message is set to 'assignment.not.solved'
-   *
-   * <p>Of course you can overwrite these values in a specific lesson
-   *
-   * @return a builder for creating a result from a lesson
-   * @param assignment
-   */
-  protected AttackResult.AttackResultBuilder failed(AssignmentEndpoint assignment) {
-    return AttackResult.builder(messages)
-        .lessonCompleted(false)
-        .attemptWasMade()
-        .feedback("assignment.not.solved")
-        .assignment(assignment);
-  }
-
-  protected AttackResult.AttackResultBuilder informationMessage(AssignmentEndpoint assignment) {
-    return AttackResult.builder(messages).lessonCompleted(false).assignment(assignment);
-  }
-}

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/container/assignments/AssignmentPath.java

@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-package org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments;
-
-import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
-import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
-import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
-import java.lang.annotation.Target;
-import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod;
-
-/** Created by nbaars on 1/14/17. */
-@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
-@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
-public @interface AssignmentPath {
-
-  String[] path() default {};
-
-  RequestMethod[] method() default {};
-
-  String value() default "";
-}

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/container/assignments/AttackResult.java

@@ -30,82 +30,18 @@ import static org.apache.commons.text.StringEscapeUtils.escapeJson;
 import lombok.Getter;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.i18n.PluginMessages;
 
+@Getter
 public class AttackResult {
 
-  public static class AttackResultBuilder {
-
   private boolean lessonCompleted;
-    private PluginMessages messages;
+  private String feedback;
   private Object[] feedbackArgs;
-    private String feedbackResourceBundleKey;
   private String output;
   private Object[] outputArgs;
-    private AssignmentEndpoint assignment;
+  private final String assignment;
-    private boolean attemptWasMade = false;
+  private boolean attemptWasMade;
 
-    public AttackResultBuilder(PluginMessages messages) {
+  private AttackResult(
-      this.messages = messages;
-    }
-
-    public AttackResultBuilder lessonCompleted(boolean lessonCompleted) {
-      this.lessonCompleted = lessonCompleted;
-      this.feedbackResourceBundleKey = "lesson.completed";
-      return this;
-    }
-
-    public AttackResultBuilder lessonCompleted(boolean lessonCompleted, String resourceBundleKey) {
-      this.lessonCompleted = lessonCompleted;
-      this.feedbackResourceBundleKey = resourceBundleKey;
-      return this;
-    }
-
-    public AttackResultBuilder feedbackArgs(Object... args) {
-      this.feedbackArgs = args;
-      return this;
-    }
-
-    public AttackResultBuilder feedback(String resourceBundleKey) {
-      this.feedbackResourceBundleKey = resourceBundleKey;
-      return this;
-    }
-
-    public AttackResultBuilder output(String output) {
-      this.output = output;
-      return this;
-    }
-
-    public AttackResultBuilder outputArgs(Object... args) {
-      this.outputArgs = args;
-      return this;
-    }
-
-    public AttackResultBuilder attemptWasMade() {
-      this.attemptWasMade = true;
-      return this;
-    }
-
-    public AttackResult build() {
-      return new AttackResult(
-          lessonCompleted,
-          messages.getMessage(feedbackResourceBundleKey, feedbackArgs),
-          messages.getMessage(output, output, outputArgs),
-          assignment.getClass().getSimpleName(),
-          attemptWasMade);
-    }
-
-    public AttackResultBuilder assignment(AssignmentEndpoint assignment) {
-      this.assignment = assignment;
-      return this;
-    }
-  }
-
-  @Getter private boolean lessonCompleted;
-  @Getter private String feedback;
-  @Getter private String output;
-  @Getter private final String assignment;
-  @Getter private boolean attemptWasMade;
-
-  public AttackResult(
       boolean lessonCompleted,
       String feedback,
       String output,
@@ -118,11 +54,33 @@ public class AttackResult {
     this.attemptWasMade = attemptWasMade;
   }
 
-  public static AttackResultBuilder builder(PluginMessages messages) {
+  public AttackResult(
-    return new AttackResultBuilder(messages);
+      boolean lessonCompleted,
+      String feedback,
+      Object[] feedbackArgs,
+      String output,
+      Object[] outputArgs,
+      String assignment,
+      boolean attemptWasMade) {
+    this.lessonCompleted = lessonCompleted;
+    this.feedback = feedback;
+    this.feedbackArgs = feedbackArgs;
+    this.output = output;
+    this.outputArgs = outputArgs;
+    this.assignment = assignment;
+    this.attemptWasMade = attemptWasMade;
   }
 
   public boolean assignmentSolved() {
     return lessonCompleted;
   }
+
+  public AttackResult apply(PluginMessages pluginMessages) {
+    return new AttackResult(
+        lessonCompleted,
+        pluginMessages.getMessage(feedback, feedback, feedbackArgs),
+        pluginMessages.getMessage(output, output, outputArgs),
+        assignment,
+        attemptWasMade);
+  }
 }

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/container/assignments/AttackResultBuilder.java

@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+package org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments;
+
+import org.owasp.webgoat.container.i18n.PluginMessages;
+
+public class AttackResultBuilder {
+
+  private PluginMessages messages;
+  private boolean lessonCompleted;
+  private Object[] feedbackArgs;
+  private String feedbackResourceBundleKey;
+  private String output;
+  private Object[] outputArgs;
+  private AssignmentEndpoint assignment;
+  private boolean attemptWasMade = false;
+  private boolean assignmentCompleted;
+
+  public AttackResultBuilder(PluginMessages messages) {
+    this.messages = messages;
+  }
+
+  public AttackResultBuilder() {}
+
+  public AttackResultBuilder lessonCompleted(boolean lessonCompleted) {
+    this.lessonCompleted = lessonCompleted;
+    this.feedbackResourceBundleKey = "lesson.completed";
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  public AttackResultBuilder lessonCompleted(boolean lessonCompleted, String resourceBundleKey) {
+    this.lessonCompleted = lessonCompleted;
+    this.feedbackResourceBundleKey = resourceBundleKey;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  public AttackResultBuilder assignmentCompleted(boolean assignmentCompleted) {
+    this.assignmentCompleted = assignmentCompleted;
+    this.feedbackResourceBundleKey = "assignment.completed";
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  public AttackResultBuilder assignmentCompleted(
+      boolean assignmentCompleted, String resourceBundleKey) {
+    this.assignmentCompleted = assignmentCompleted;
+    this.feedbackResourceBundleKey = resourceBundleKey;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  public AttackResultBuilder feedbackArgs(Object... args) {
+    this.feedbackArgs = args;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  public AttackResultBuilder feedback(String resourceBundleKey) {
+    this.feedbackResourceBundleKey = resourceBundleKey;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  public AttackResultBuilder output(String output) {
+    this.output = output;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  public AttackResultBuilder outputArgs(Object... args) {
+    this.outputArgs = args;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  public AttackResultBuilder attemptWasMade() {
+    this.attemptWasMade = true;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  public AttackResult build() {
+    return new AttackResult(
+        lessonCompleted,
+        feedbackResourceBundleKey,
+        feedbackArgs,
+        output,
+        outputArgs,
+        assignment.getClass().getSimpleName(),
+        attemptWasMade);
+  }
+
+  public AttackResultBuilder assignment(AssignmentEndpoint assignment) {
+    this.assignment = assignment;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Convenience method for create a successful result:
+   *
+   * <p>- Assignment is set to solved - Feedback message is set to 'assignment.solved'
+   *
+   * <p>Of course you can overwrite these values in a specific lesson
+   *
+   * @return a builder for creating a result from a lesson
+   * @param assignment
+   */
+  public static AttackResultBuilder success(AssignmentEndpoint assignment) {
+    return new AttackResultBuilder()
+        .lessonCompleted(true)
+        .assignmentCompleted(true)
+        .attemptWasMade()
+        .feedback("assignment.solved")
+        .assignment(assignment);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Convenience method for create a failed result:
+   *
+   * <p>- Assignment is set to not solved - Feedback message is set to 'assignment.not.solved'
+   *
+   * <p>Of course you can overwrite these values in a specific lesson
+   *
+   * @return a builder for creating a result from a lesson
+   * @param assignment
+   */
+  public static AttackResultBuilder failed(AssignmentEndpoint assignment) {
+    return new AttackResultBuilder()
+        .lessonCompleted(false)
+        .assignmentCompleted(true)
+        .attemptWasMade()
+        .feedback("assignment.not.solved")
+        .assignment(assignment);
+  }
+
+  public static AttackResultBuilder informationMessage(AssignmentEndpoint assignment) {
+    return new AttackResultBuilder().lessonCompleted(false).assignment(assignment);
+  }
+}

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/container/assignments/AttackResultMessageResponseBodyAdvice.java

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+package org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments;
+
+import org.owasp.webgoat.container.i18n.PluginMessages;
+import org.springframework.core.MethodParameter;
+import org.springframework.http.MediaType;
+import org.springframework.http.converter.HttpMessageConverter;
+import org.springframework.http.server.ServerHttpRequest;
+import org.springframework.http.server.ServerHttpResponse;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestControllerAdvice;
+import org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.method.annotation.ResponseBodyAdvice;
+
+/** This class intercepts the response body and applies the plugin messages to the attack result. */
+@RestControllerAdvice
+public class AttackResultMessageResponseBodyAdvice implements ResponseBodyAdvice<Object> {
+
+  private final PluginMessages pluginMessages;
+
+  public AttackResultMessageResponseBodyAdvice(PluginMessages pluginMessages) {
+    this.pluginMessages = pluginMessages;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public boolean supports(
+      MethodParameter returnType, Class<? extends HttpMessageConverter<?>> converterType) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public Object beforeBodyWrite(
+      Object body,
+      MethodParameter returnType,
+      MediaType selectedContentType,
+      Class<? extends HttpMessageConverter<?>> selectedConverterType,
+      ServerHttpRequest request,
+      ServerHttpResponse response) {
+    if (body instanceof AttackResult a) {
+      return a.apply(pluginMessages);
+    }
+    return body;
+  }
+}

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/container/lessons/LessonMenuItemType.java

@@ -35,6 +35,5 @@ package org.owasp.webgoat.container.lessons;
  */
 public enum LessonMenuItemType {
   CATEGORY,
-  LESSON,
+  LESSON
-  STAGE
 }

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/container/lessons/LessonScanner.java

@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-package org.owasp.webgoat.container.lessons;
-
-import java.io.IOException;
-import java.util.HashSet;
-import java.util.List;
-import java.util.Set;
-import java.util.regex.Pattern;
-import lombok.Getter;
-import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
-import org.springframework.core.io.support.ResourcePatternResolver;
-import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
-
-@Component
-@Slf4j
-public class LessonScanner {
-
-  private static final Pattern lessonPattern = Pattern.compile("^.*/lessons/([^/]*)/.*$");
-
-  @Getter private final Set<String> lessons = new HashSet<>();
-
-  public LessonScanner(ResourcePatternResolver resourcePatternResolver) {
-    try {
-      var resources = resourcePatternResolver.getResources("classpath:/lessons/*/*");
-      for (var resource : resources) {
-        // WG can run as a fat jar or as directly from file system we need to support both so use
-        // the URL
-        var url = resource.getURL();
-        var matcher = lessonPattern.matcher(url.toString());
-        if (matcher.matches()) {
-          lessons.add(matcher.group(1));
-        }
-      }
-      log.debug("Found {} lessons", lessons.size());
-    } catch (IOException e) {
-      log.warn("No lessons found...");
-    }
-  }
-
-  public List<String> applyPattern(String pattern) {
-    return lessons.stream().map(lesson -> String.format(pattern, lesson)).toList();
-  }
-}

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/authbypass/VerifyAccount.java

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.authbypass;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import jakarta.servlet.ServletException;
 import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
 import java.io.IOException;
@@ -46,7 +49,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
   "auth-bypass.hints.verify.3",
   "auth-bypass.hints.verify.4"
 })
-public class VerifyAccount extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class VerifyAccount implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   private final LessonSession userSessionData;
 

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/bypassrestrictions/BypassRestrictionsFieldRestrictions.java

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.bypassrestrictions;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentEndpoint;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResult;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PostMapping;
@@ -30,7 +33,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
 
 @RestController
-public class BypassRestrictionsFieldRestrictions extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class BypassRestrictionsFieldRestrictions implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   @PostMapping("/BypassRestrictions/FieldRestrictions")
   @ResponseBody

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/bypassrestrictions/BypassRestrictionsFrontendValidation.java

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.bypassrestrictions;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentEndpoint;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResult;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PostMapping;
@@ -30,7 +33,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
 
 @RestController
-public class BypassRestrictionsFrontendValidation extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class BypassRestrictionsFrontendValidation implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   @PostMapping("/BypassRestrictions/frontendValidation")
   @ResponseBody

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/challenges/FlagController.java

@@ -22,7 +22,9 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.challenges;
 
-import lombok.AllArgsConstructor;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentEndpoint;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResult;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable;
@@ -32,11 +34,14 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
 
 @RestController
-@AllArgsConstructor
+public class FlagController implements AssignmentEndpoint {
-public class FlagController extends AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   private final Flags flags;
 
+  public FlagController(Flags flags) {
+    this.flags = flags;
+  }
+
   @PostMapping(path = "/challenge/flag/{flagNumber}")
   @ResponseBody
   public AttackResult postFlag(@PathVariable int flagNumber, @RequestParam String flag) {

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/challenges/challenge1/Assignment1.java

@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.challenges.challenge1;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
 import static org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.challenges.SolutionConstants.PASSWORD;
 
-import lombok.RequiredArgsConstructor;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentEndpoint;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResult;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.challenges.Flags;
@@ -42,11 +43,14 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
  * @since August 11, 2016
  */
 @RestController
-@RequiredArgsConstructor
+public class Assignment1 implements AssignmentEndpoint {
-public class Assignment1 extends AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   private final Flags flags;
 
+  public Assignment1(Flags flags) {
+    this.flags = flags;
+  }
+
   @PostMapping("/challenge/1")
   @ResponseBody
   public AttackResult completed(@RequestParam String username, @RequestParam String password) {

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/challenges/challenge5/Assignment5.java

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.challenges.challenge5;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
 import java.sql.ResultSet;
 import lombok.RequiredArgsConstructor;
@@ -39,7 +42,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
 @RestController
 @Slf4j
 @RequiredArgsConstructor
-public class Assignment5 extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class Assignment5 implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   private final LessonDataSource dataSource;
   private final Flags flags;

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/challenges/challenge7/Assignment7.java

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.challenges.challenge7;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
 import java.net.URI;
 import java.net.URISyntaxException;
@@ -29,7 +31,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;
  */
 @RestController
 @Slf4j
-public class Assignment7 extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class Assignment7 implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   public static final String ADMIN_PASSWORD_LINK = "375afe1104f4a487a73823c50a9292a2";
 

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/challenges/challenge8/Assignment8.java

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
 @RestController
 @Slf4j
 @RequiredArgsConstructor
-public class Assignment8 extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class Assignment8 implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   private static final Map<Integer, Integer> votes = new HashMap<>();
 

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/chromedevtools/NetworkDummy.java

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.chromedevtools;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentEndpoint;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResult;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.session.LessonSession;
@@ -37,7 +40,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
  * @since 30.11.18
  */
 @RestController
-public class NetworkDummy extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class NetworkDummy implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   private final LessonSession lessonSession;
 

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/chromedevtools/NetworkLesson.java

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.chromedevtools;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentEndpoint;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentHints;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResult;
@@ -40,7 +43,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
  */
 @RestController
 @AssignmentHints({"networkHint1", "networkHint2"})
-public class NetworkLesson extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class NetworkLesson implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   @PostMapping(
       value = "/ChromeDevTools/network",

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/cia/CIAQuiz.java

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.cia;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentEndpoint;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResult;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
@@ -9,9 +12,9 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
 
 @RestController
-public class CIAQuiz extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class CIAQuiz implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
-  String[] solutions = {"Solution 3", "Solution 1", "Solution 4", "Solution 2"};
+  private final String[] solutions = {"Solution 3", "Solution 1", "Solution 4", "Solution 2"};
   boolean[] guesses = new boolean[solutions.length];
 
   @PostMapping("/cia/quiz")

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/clientsidefiltering/ClientSideFilteringAssignment.java

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.clientsidefiltering;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentEndpoint;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentHints;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResult;
@@ -37,7 +40,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
   "ClientSideFilteringHint3",
   "ClientSideFilteringHint4"
 })
-public class ClientSideFilteringAssignment extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class ClientSideFilteringAssignment implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   @PostMapping("/clientSideFiltering/attack1")
   @ResponseBody

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/clientsidefiltering/ClientSideFilteringFreeAssignment.java

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.clientsidefiltering;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentEndpoint;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentHints;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResult;
@@ -40,8 +43,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
   "client.side.filtering.free.hint2",
   "client.side.filtering.free.hint3"
 })
-public class ClientSideFilteringFreeAssignment extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class ClientSideFilteringFreeAssignment implements AssignmentEndpoint {
-
   public static final String SUPER_COUPON_CODE = "get_it_for_free";
 
   @PostMapping("/clientSideFiltering/getItForFree")

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/cryptography/EncodingAssignment.java

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.cryptography;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
 import java.util.Base64;
 import java.util.Random;
@@ -35,7 +38,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
 
 @RestController
-public class EncodingAssignment extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class EncodingAssignment implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   public static String getBasicAuth(String username, String password) {
     return Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(username.concat(":").concat(password).getBytes());

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/cryptography/HashingAssignment.java

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.cryptography;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
 import java.security.MessageDigest;
 import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
@@ -39,8 +42,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
 
 @RestController
 @AssignmentHints({"crypto-hashing.hints.1", "crypto-hashing.hints.2"})
-public class HashingAssignment extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class HashingAssignment implements AssignmentEndpoint {
-
   public static final String[] SECRETS = {"secret", "admin", "password", "123456", "passw0rd"};
 
   @RequestMapping(path = "/crypto/hashing/md5", produces = MediaType.TEXT_HTML_VALUE)

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/cryptography/SecureDefaultsAssignment.java

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.cryptography;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentEndpoint;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentHints;
@@ -37,7 +40,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
   "crypto-secure-defaults.hints.2",
   "crypto-secure-defaults.hints.3"
 })
-public class SecureDefaultsAssignment extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class SecureDefaultsAssignment implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   @PostMapping("/crypto/secure/defaults")
   @ResponseBody

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/cryptography/SigningAssignment.java

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.cryptography;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
 import java.security.InvalidAlgorithmParameterException;
 import java.security.KeyPair;
@@ -47,7 +50,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
   "crypto-signing.hints.4"
 })
 @Slf4j
-public class SigningAssignment extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class SigningAssignment implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   @RequestMapping(path = "/crypto/signing/getprivate", produces = MediaType.TEXT_HTML_VALUE)
   @ResponseBody

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/cryptography/XOREncodingAssignment.java

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.cryptography;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentEndpoint;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentHints;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResult;
@@ -32,7 +35,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
 
 @RestController
 @AssignmentHints({"crypto-encoding-xor.hints.1"})
-public class XOREncodingAssignment extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class XOREncodingAssignment implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   @PostMapping("/crypto/encoding/xor")
   @ResponseBody

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/csrf/CSRFConfirmFlag1.java

@@ -22,11 +22,13 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.csrf;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentEndpoint;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentHints;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResult;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.session.LessonSession;
-import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PostMapping;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
@@ -34,9 +36,13 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
 /** Created by jason on 9/29/17. */
 @RestController
 @AssignmentHints({"csrf-get.hint1", "csrf-get.hint2", "csrf-get.hint3", "csrf-get.hint4"})
-public class CSRFConfirmFlag1 extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class CSRFConfirmFlag1 implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
-  @Autowired LessonSession userSessionData;
+  private final LessonSession userSessionData;
+
+  public CSRFConfirmFlag1(LessonSession userSessionData) {
+    this.userSessionData = userSessionData;
+  }
 
   @PostMapping(
       path = "/csrf/confirm-flag-1",

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/csrf/CSRFFeedback.java

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.csrf;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.DeserializationFeature;
 import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;
 import jakarta.servlet.http.Cookie;
@@ -34,7 +37,6 @@ import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentEndpoint;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentHints;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResult;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.session.LessonSession;
-import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
 import org.springframework.http.MediaType;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PostMapping;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestBody;
@@ -44,10 +46,15 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
 
 @RestController
 @AssignmentHints({"csrf-feedback-hint1", "csrf-feedback-hint2", "csrf-feedback-hint3"})
-public class CSRFFeedback extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class CSRFFeedback implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
-  @Autowired private LessonSession userSessionData;
+  private final LessonSession userSessionData;
-  @Autowired private ObjectMapper objectMapper;
+  private final ObjectMapper objectMapper;
+
+  public CSRFFeedback(LessonSession userSessionData, ObjectMapper objectMapper) {
+    this.userSessionData = userSessionData;
+    this.objectMapper = objectMapper;
+  }
 
   @PostMapping(
       value = "/csrf/feedback/message",

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/csrf/CSRFLogin.java

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.csrf;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.CurrentUsername;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentEndpoint;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentHints;
@@ -32,7 +35,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
 
 @RestController
 @AssignmentHints({"csrf-login-hint1", "csrf-login-hint2", "csrf-login-hint3"})
-public class CSRFLogin extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class CSRFLogin implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   @PostMapping(
       path = "/csrf/login",

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/csrf/ForgedReviews.java

@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.csrf;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
 import static org.springframework.http.MediaType.ALL_VALUE;
 
 import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
@@ -45,7 +47,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
 
 @RestController
 @AssignmentHints({"csrf-review-hint1", "csrf-review-hint2", "csrf-review-hint3"})
-public class ForgedReviews extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class ForgedReviews implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   private static DateTimeFormatter fmt = DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("yyyy-MM-dd, HH:mm:ss");
 

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/deserialization/InsecureDeserializationTask.java

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.deserialization;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.io.InvalidClassException;
@@ -42,7 +45,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
   "insecure-deserialization.hints.2",
   "insecure-deserialization.hints.3"
 })
-public class InsecureDeserializationTask extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class InsecureDeserializationTask implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   @PostMapping("/InsecureDeserialization/task")
   @ResponseBody

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/hijacksession/HijackSessionAssignment.java

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.hijacksession;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import jakarta.servlet.http.Cookie;
 import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
 import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
@@ -30,7 +33,6 @@ import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentHints;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResult;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.hijacksession.cas.Authentication;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.hijacksession.cas.HijackSessionAuthenticationProvider;
-import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.CookieValue;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PostMapping;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestParam;
@@ -51,11 +53,14 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
   "hijacksession.hints.4",
   "hijacksession.hints.5"
 })
-public class HijackSessionAssignment extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class HijackSessionAssignment implements AssignmentEndpoint {
-
   private static final String COOKIE_NAME = "hijack_cookie";
 
-  @Autowired HijackSessionAuthenticationProvider provider;
+  private final HijackSessionAuthenticationProvider provider;
+
+  public HijackSessionAssignment(HijackSessionAuthenticationProvider provider) {
+    this.provider = provider;
+  }
 
   @PostMapping(path = "/HijackSession/login")
   @ResponseBody

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/htmltampering/HtmlTamperingTask.java

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.htmltampering;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentEndpoint;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentHints;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResult;
@@ -32,7 +35,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
 
 @RestController
 @AssignmentHints({"hint1", "hint2", "hint3"})
-public class HtmlTamperingTask extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class HtmlTamperingTask implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   @PostMapping("/HtmlTampering/task")
   @ResponseBody

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/httpbasics/HttpBasicsLesson.java

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.httpbasics;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentEndpoint;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentHints;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResult;
@@ -32,7 +35,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
 
 @RestController
 @AssignmentHints({"http-basics.hints.http_basics_lesson.1"})
-public class HttpBasicsLesson extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class HttpBasicsLesson implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   @PostMapping("/HttpBasics/attack1")
   @ResponseBody

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/httpbasics/HttpBasicsQuiz.java

@@ -22,9 +22,11 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.httpbasics;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentEndpoint;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentHints;
-import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentPath;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResult;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PostMapping;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestParam;
@@ -33,8 +35,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
 
 @RestController
 @AssignmentHints({"http-basics.hints.http_basic_quiz.1", "http-basics.hints.http_basic_quiz.2"})
-@AssignmentPath("HttpBasics/attack2")
+public class HttpBasicsQuiz implements AssignmentEndpoint {
-public class HttpBasicsQuiz extends AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   @PostMapping("/HttpBasics/attack2")
   @ResponseBody

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/httpproxies/HttpBasicsInterceptRequest.java

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.httpproxies;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentEndpoint;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResult;
@@ -34,7 +37,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
 
 @RestController
-public class HttpBasicsInterceptRequest extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class HttpBasicsInterceptRequest implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   @RequestMapping(
       path = "/HttpProxies/intercept-request",

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/idor/IDORDiffAttributes.java

@@ -23,6 +23,9 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.idor;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentEndpoint;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentHints;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResult;
@@ -37,7 +40,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
   "idor.hints.idorDiffAttributes2",
   "idor.hints.idorDiffAttributes3"
 })
-public class IDORDiffAttributes extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class IDORDiffAttributes implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   @PostMapping("/IDOR/diff-attributes")
   @ResponseBody

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/idor/IDOREditOtherProfile.java

@@ -23,11 +23,13 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.idor;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentEndpoint;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentHints;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResult;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.session.LessonSession;
-import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PutMapping;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestBody;
@@ -46,9 +48,13 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
   "idor.hints.otherProfile8",
   "idor.hints.otherProfile9"
 })
-public class IDOREditOtherProfile extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class IDOREditOtherProfile implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
-  @Autowired private LessonSession userSessionData;
+  private final LessonSession userSessionData;
+
+  public IDOREditOtherProfile(LessonSession lessonSession) {
+    this.userSessionData = lessonSession;
+  }
 
   @PutMapping(path = "/IDOR/profile/{userId}", consumes = "application/json")
   @ResponseBody

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/idor/IDORLogin.java

@@ -23,6 +23,9 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.idor;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.Map;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentEndpoint;
@@ -36,15 +39,14 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
 
 @RestController
 @AssignmentHints({"idor.hints.idor_login"})
-public class IDORLogin extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class IDORLogin implements AssignmentEndpoint {
-
   private final LessonSession lessonSession;
 
   public IDORLogin(LessonSession lessonSession) {
     this.lessonSession = lessonSession;
   }
 
-  private Map<String, Map<String, String>> idorUserInfo = new HashMap<>();
+  private final Map<String, Map<String, String>> idorUserInfo = new HashMap<>();
 
   public void initIDORInfo() {
 

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/idor/IDORViewOtherProfile.java

@@ -23,12 +23,13 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.idor;
 
-import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentEndpoint;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentHints;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResult;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.session.LessonSession;
-import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody;
@@ -46,15 +47,19 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
   "idor.hints.otherProfile8",
   "idor.hints.otherProfile9"
 })
-public class IDORViewOtherProfile extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class IDORViewOtherProfile implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
-  @Autowired LessonSession userSessionData;
+  private final LessonSession userSessionData;
+
+  public IDORViewOtherProfile(LessonSession userSessionData) {
+    this.userSessionData = userSessionData;
+  }
 
   @GetMapping(
       path = "/IDOR/profile/{userId}",
       produces = {"application/json"})
   @ResponseBody
-  public AttackResult completed(@PathVariable("userId") String userId, HttpServletResponse resp) {
+  public AttackResult completed(@PathVariable("userId") String userId) {
 
     Object obj = userSessionData.getValue("idor-authenticated-as");
     if (obj != null && obj.equals("tom")) {

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/idor/IDORViewOwnProfile.java

@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@ import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.Map;
 import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.session.LessonSession;
-import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
@@ -36,7 +35,11 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
 @Slf4j
 public class IDORViewOwnProfile {
 
-  @Autowired LessonSession userSessionData;
+  private final LessonSession userSessionData;
+
+  public IDORViewOwnProfile(LessonSession userSessionData) {
+    this.userSessionData = userSessionData;
+  }
 
   @GetMapping(
       path = {"/IDOR/own", "/IDOR/profile"},
@@ -60,7 +63,7 @@ public class IDORViewOwnProfile {
             "You do not have privileges to view the profile. Authenticate as tom first please.");
       }
     } catch (Exception ex) {
-      log.error("something went wrong", ex.getMessage());
+      log.error("something went wrong: {}", ex.getMessage());
     }
     return details;
   }

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/idor/IDORViewOwnProfileAltUrl.java

@@ -23,11 +23,13 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.idor;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentEndpoint;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentHints;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResult;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.session.LessonSession;
-import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PostMapping;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestParam;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody;
@@ -39,9 +41,12 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
   "idor.hints.ownProfileAltUrl2",
   "idor.hints.ownProfileAltUrl3"
 })
-public class IDORViewOwnProfileAltUrl extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class IDORViewOwnProfileAltUrl implements AssignmentEndpoint {
+  private final LessonSession userSessionData;
 
-  @Autowired LessonSession userSessionData;
+  public IDORViewOwnProfileAltUrl(LessonSession userSessionData) {
+    this.userSessionData = userSessionData;
+  }
 
   @PostMapping("/IDOR/profile/alt-path")
   @ResponseBody

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/insecurelogin/InsecureLoginTask.java

@@ -22,13 +22,16 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.insecurelogin;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentEndpoint;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResult;
 import org.springframework.http.HttpStatus;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;
 
 @RestController
-public class InsecureLoginTask extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class InsecureLoginTask implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   @PostMapping("/InsecureLogin/task")
   @ResponseBody

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/jwt/JWTDecodeEndpoint.java

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.jwt;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentEndpoint;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResult;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PostMapping;
@@ -8,7 +11,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
 
 @RestController
-public class JWTDecodeEndpoint extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class JWTDecodeEndpoint implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   @PostMapping("/JWT/decode")
   @ResponseBody

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/jwt/JWTQuiz.java

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.jwt;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentEndpoint;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResult;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
@@ -9,7 +12,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
 
 @RestController
-public class JWTQuiz extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class JWTQuiz implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   private final String[] solutions = {"Solution 1", "Solution 2"};
   private final boolean[] guesses = new boolean[solutions.length];

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/jwt/JWTRefreshEndpoint.java

@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.jwt;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
 import static org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity.ok;
 
 import io.jsonwebtoken.Claims;
@@ -56,7 +58,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
   "jwt-refresh-hint3",
   "jwt-refresh-hint4"
 })
-public class JWTRefreshEndpoint extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class JWTRefreshEndpoint implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   public static final String PASSWORD = "bm5nhSkxCXZkKRy4";
   private static final String JWT_PASSWORD = "bm5n3SkxCX4kKRy4";

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/jwt/JWTSecretKeyEndpoint.java

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.jwt;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import io.jsonwebtoken.Claims;
 import io.jsonwebtoken.Jwt;
 import io.jsonwebtoken.Jwts;
@@ -44,7 +47,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
 
 @RestController
 @AssignmentHints({"jwt-secret-hint1", "jwt-secret-hint2", "jwt-secret-hint3"})
-public class JWTSecretKeyEndpoint extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class JWTSecretKeyEndpoint implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   public static final String[] SECRETS = {
     "victory", "business", "available", "shipping", "washington"

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/jwt/JWTVotesEndpoint.java

@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@ package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.jwt;
 import static java.util.Comparator.comparingLong;
 import static java.util.Optional.ofNullable;
 import static java.util.stream.Collectors.toList;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
 
 import io.jsonwebtoken.Claims;
 import io.jsonwebtoken.Jwt;
@@ -66,13 +68,13 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
   "jwt-change-token-hint4",
   "jwt-change-token-hint5"
 })
-public class JWTVotesEndpoint extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class JWTVotesEndpoint implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   public static final String JWT_PASSWORD = TextCodec.BASE64.encode("victory");
   private static String validUsers = "TomJerrySylvester";
 
   private static int totalVotes = 38929;
-  private Map<String, Vote> votes = new HashMap<>();
+  private final Map<String, Vote> votes = new HashMap<>();
 
   @PostConstruct
   public void initVotes() {

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/jwt/claimmisuse/JWTHeaderJKUEndpoint.java

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.jwt.claimmisuse;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import com.auth0.jwk.JwkException;
 import com.auth0.jwk.JwkProviderBuilder;
 import com.auth0.jwt.JWT;
@@ -28,7 +31,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
   "jwt-jku-hint4",
   "jwt-jku-hint5"
 })
-public class JWTHeaderJKUEndpoint extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class JWTHeaderJKUEndpoint implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   @PostMapping("jku/follow/{user}")
   public @ResponseBody String follow(@PathVariable("user") String user) {

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/jwt/claimmisuse/JWTHeaderKIDEndpoint.java

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.jwt.claimmisuse;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import io.jsonwebtoken.Claims;
 import io.jsonwebtoken.JwsHeader;
 import io.jsonwebtoken.Jwt;
@@ -53,8 +56,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
   "jwt-kid-hint6"
 })
 @RequestMapping("/JWT/")
-public class JWTHeaderKIDEndpoint extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class JWTHeaderKIDEndpoint implements AssignmentEndpoint {
-
   private final LessonDataSource dataSource;
 
   private JWTHeaderKIDEndpoint(LessonDataSource dataSource) {

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/lessontemplate/SampleAttack.java

@@ -22,13 +22,15 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.lessontemplate;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import java.util.List;
 import lombok.AllArgsConstructor;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentEndpoint;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentHints;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResult;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.session.LessonSession;
-import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PostMapping;
@@ -39,12 +41,14 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
 /** Created by jason on 1/5/17. */
 @RestController
 @AssignmentHints({"lesson-template.hints.1", "lesson-template.hints.2", "lesson-template.hints.3"})
-public class SampleAttack extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class SampleAttack implements AssignmentEndpoint {
+  private static final String secretValue = "secr37Value";
 
-  String secretValue = "secr37Value";
+  private final LessonSession userSessionData;
 
-  // UserSessionData is bound to session and can be used to persist data across multiple assignments
+  public SampleAttack(LessonSession userSessionData) {
-  @Autowired LessonSession userSessionData;
+    this.userSessionData = userSessionData;
+  }
 
   @PostMapping("/lesson-template/sample-attack")
   @ResponseBody

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/logging/LogBleedingTask.java

@@ -22,7 +22,9 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.logging;
 
-import jakarta.annotation.PostConstruct;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
 import java.util.Base64;
 import java.util.UUID;
@@ -37,14 +39,13 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
 
 @RestController
-public class LogBleedingTask extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class LogBleedingTask implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
-  Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(this.getClass().getName());
+  private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(LogBleedingTask.class);
-  private String password;
+  private final String password;
 
-  @PostConstruct
+  public LogBleedingTask() {
-  public void generatePassword() {
+    this.password = UUID.randomUUID().toString();
-    password = UUID.randomUUID().toString();
     log.info(
         "Password for admin: {}",
         Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(password.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8)));

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/logging/LogSpoofingTask.java

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.logging;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import org.apache.logging.log4j.util.Strings;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentEndpoint;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResult;
@@ -31,7 +34,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
 
 @RestController
-public class LogSpoofingTask extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class LogSpoofingTask implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   @PostMapping("/LogSpoofing/log-spoofing")
   @ResponseBody

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/missingac/MissingFunctionACHiddenMenus.java

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.missingac;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentEndpoint;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentHints;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResult;
@@ -36,7 +39,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
   "access-control.hidden-menus.hint2",
   "access-control.hidden-menus.hint3"
 })
-public class MissingFunctionACHiddenMenus extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class MissingFunctionACHiddenMenus implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   @PostMapping(
       path = "/access-control/hidden-menu",

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/missingac/MissingFunctionACYourHash.java

@@ -22,9 +22,10 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.missingac;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
 import static org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.missingac.MissingFunctionAC.PASSWORD_SALT_SIMPLE;
 
-import lombok.RequiredArgsConstructor;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentEndpoint;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentHints;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResult;
@@ -40,11 +41,14 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
   "access-control.hash.hint4",
   "access-control.hash.hint5"
 })
-@RequiredArgsConstructor
+public class MissingFunctionACYourHash implements AssignmentEndpoint {
-public class MissingFunctionACYourHash extends AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   private final MissingAccessControlUserRepository userRepository;
 
+  public MissingFunctionACYourHash(MissingAccessControlUserRepository userRepository) {
+    this.userRepository = userRepository;
+  }
+
   @PostMapping(
       path = "/access-control/user-hash",
       produces = {"application/json"})

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/missingac/MissingFunctionACYourHashAdmin.java

@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.missingac;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
 import static org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.missingac.MissingFunctionAC.PASSWORD_SALT_ADMIN;
 
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentEndpoint;
@@ -42,7 +44,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
   "access-control.hash.hint12",
   "access-control.hash.hint13"
 })
-public class MissingFunctionACYourHashAdmin extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class MissingFunctionACYourHashAdmin implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   private final MissingAccessControlUserRepository userRepository;
 

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/passwordreset/QuestionsAssignment.java

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.passwordreset;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.Map;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentEndpoint;
@@ -37,7 +40,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
  * @since 8/20/17.
  */
 @RestController
-public class QuestionsAssignment extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class QuestionsAssignment implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   private static final Map<String, String> COLORS = new HashMap<>();
 

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/passwordreset/ResetLinkAssignment.java

@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.passwordreset;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
 import static org.springframework.util.StringUtils.hasText;
 
 import com.google.common.collect.Maps;
@@ -58,7 +60,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.servlet.ModelAndView;
   "password-reset-hint5",
   "password-reset-hint6"
 })
-public class ResetLinkAssignment extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class ResetLinkAssignment implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   private static final String VIEW_FORMATTER = "lessons/passwordreset/templates/%s.html";
   static final String PASSWORD_TOM_9 =

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/passwordreset/ResetLinkAssignmentForgotPassword.java

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.passwordreset;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
 import java.util.UUID;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.CurrentUsername;
@@ -44,12 +47,12 @@ import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;
  * @since 8/20/17.
  */
 @RestController
-public class ResetLinkAssignmentForgotPassword extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class ResetLinkAssignmentForgotPassword implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   private final RestTemplate restTemplate;
-  private String webWolfHost;
+  private final String webWolfHost;
-  private String webWolfPort;
+  private final String webWolfPort;
-  private String webWolfURL;
+  private final String webWolfURL;
   private final String webWolfMailURL;
 
   public ResetLinkAssignmentForgotPassword(

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/passwordreset/SecurityQuestionAssignment.java

@@ -23,12 +23,13 @@
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.passwordreset;
 
 import static java.util.Optional.of;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.informationMessage;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
 
 import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.Map;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentEndpoint;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResult;
-import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PostMapping;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestParam;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody;
@@ -41,9 +42,9 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
  * @since 11.12.18
  */
 @RestController
-public class SecurityQuestionAssignment extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class SecurityQuestionAssignment implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
-  @Autowired private TriedQuestions triedQuestions;
+  private final TriedQuestions triedQuestions;
 
   private static Map<String, String> questions;
 
@@ -90,6 +91,10 @@ public class SecurityQuestionAssignment extends AssignmentEndpoint {
     questions.put("What is your favorite color?", "Can easily be guessed.");
   }
 
+  public SecurityQuestionAssignment(TriedQuestions triedQuestions) {
+    this.triedQuestions = triedQuestions;
+  }
+
   @PostMapping("/PasswordReset/SecurityQuestions")
   @ResponseBody
   public AttackResult completed(@RequestParam String question) {

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/passwordreset/SimpleMailAssignment.java

@@ -23,6 +23,9 @@
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.passwordreset;
 
 import static java.util.Optional.ofNullable;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.informationMessage;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
 
 import java.time.LocalDateTime;
 import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
@@ -43,8 +46,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;
  * @since 8/20/17.
  */
 @RestController
-public class SimpleMailAssignment extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class SimpleMailAssignment implements AssignmentEndpoint {
-
   private final String webWolfURL;
   private RestTemplate restTemplate;
 

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/pathtraversal/ProfileUploadBase.java

@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.pathtraversal;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.informationMessage;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import java.io.File;
 import java.io.FileInputStream;
 import java.io.IOException;
@@ -7,7 +11,6 @@ import java.nio.file.Files;
 import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.Base64;
 import java.util.List;
-import lombok.AllArgsConstructor;
 import lombok.Getter;
 import lombok.SneakyThrows;
 import org.apache.commons.io.FilenameUtils;
@@ -21,11 +24,14 @@ import org.springframework.util.FileSystemUtils;
 import org.springframework.util.StringUtils;
 import org.springframework.web.multipart.MultipartFile;
 
-@AllArgsConstructor
 @Getter
-public class ProfileUploadBase extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class ProfileUploadBase implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
-  private String webGoatHomeDirectory;
+  private final String webGoatHomeDirectory;
+
+  public ProfileUploadBase(String webGoatHomeDirectory) {
+    this.webGoatHomeDirectory = webGoatHomeDirectory;
+  }
 
   protected AttackResult execute(MultipartFile file, String fullName, String username) {
     if (file.isEmpty()) {

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/pathtraversal/ProfileUploadRetrieval.java

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.pathtraversal;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import jakarta.annotation.PostConstruct;
 import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
 import java.io.File;
@@ -40,8 +43,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
   "path-traversal-profile-retrieve.hint6"
 })
 @Slf4j
-public class ProfileUploadRetrieval extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class ProfileUploadRetrieval implements AssignmentEndpoint {
-
   private final File catPicturesDirectory;
 
   public ProfileUploadRetrieval(@Value("${webgoat.server.directory}") String webGoatHomeDirectory) {

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/pathtraversal/ProfileZipSlip.java

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.pathtraversal;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
 import static org.springframework.http.MediaType.ALL_VALUE;
 import static org.springframework.http.MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_VALUE;
 

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/securepasswords/SecurePasswordsAssignment.java

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.securepasswords;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import com.nulabinc.zxcvbn.Strength;
 import com.nulabinc.zxcvbn.Zxcvbn;
 import java.text.DecimalFormat;
@@ -35,7 +38,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
 
 @RestController
-public class SecurePasswordsAssignment extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class SecurePasswordsAssignment implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   @PostMapping("SecurePasswords/assignment")
   @ResponseBody

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/spoofcookie/SpoofCookieAssignment.java

@@ -23,6 +23,10 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.spoofcookie;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.informationMessage;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import jakarta.servlet.http.Cookie;
 import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
 import java.util.Map;
@@ -48,7 +52,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
 
 @AssignmentHints({"spoofcookie.hint1", "spoofcookie.hint2", "spoofcookie.hint3"})
 @RestController
-public class SpoofCookieAssignment extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class SpoofCookieAssignment implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   private static final String COOKIE_NAME = "spoof_auth";
   private static final String COOKIE_INFO =

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/sqlinjection/advanced/SqlInjectionChallenge.java

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.sqlinjection.advanced;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import java.sql.*;
 import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.LessonDataSource;
@@ -42,7 +45,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
 @AssignmentHints(
     value = {"SqlInjectionChallenge1", "SqlInjectionChallenge2", "SqlInjectionChallenge3"})
 @Slf4j
-public class SqlInjectionChallenge extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class SqlInjectionChallenge implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   private final LessonDataSource dataSource;
 

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/sqlinjection/advanced/SqlInjectionChallengeLogin.java

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.sqlinjection.advanced;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.LessonDataSource;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentEndpoint;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentHints;
@@ -39,8 +42,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
       "SqlInjectionChallengeHint3",
       "SqlInjectionChallengeHint4"
     })
-public class SqlInjectionChallengeLogin extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class SqlInjectionChallengeLogin implements AssignmentEndpoint {
-
   private final LessonDataSource dataSource;
 
   public SqlInjectionChallengeLogin(LessonDataSource dataSource) {

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/sqlinjection/advanced/SqlInjectionLesson6a.java

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.sqlinjection.advanced;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import java.sql.Connection;
 import java.sql.ResultSet;
 import java.sql.ResultSetMetaData;
@@ -46,8 +49,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
       "SqlStringInjectionHint-advanced-6a-4",
       "SqlStringInjectionHint-advanced-6a-5"
     })
-public class SqlInjectionLesson6a extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class SqlInjectionLesson6a implements AssignmentEndpoint {
-
   private final LessonDataSource dataSource;
   private static final String YOUR_QUERY_WAS = "<br> Your query was: ";
 

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/sqlinjection/advanced/SqlInjectionLesson6b.java

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.sqlinjection.advanced;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.sql.Connection;
 import java.sql.ResultSet;
@@ -36,8 +39,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
 
 @RestController
-public class SqlInjectionLesson6b extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class SqlInjectionLesson6b implements AssignmentEndpoint {
-
   private final LessonDataSource dataSource;
 
   public SqlInjectionLesson6b(LessonDataSource dataSource) {

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/sqlinjection/advanced/SqlInjectionQuiz.java

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.sqlinjection.advanced;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import java.io.IOException;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentEndpoint;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResult;
@@ -37,7 +40,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
  * implement the quiz go to the quiz.js file in webgoat-container -> js
  */
 @RestController
-public class SqlInjectionQuiz extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class SqlInjectionQuiz implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   String[] solutions = {"Solution 4", "Solution 3", "Solution 2", "Solution 3", "Solution 4"};
   boolean[] guesses = new boolean[solutions.length];

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/sqlinjection/introduction/SqlInjectionLesson10.java

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.sqlinjection.introduction;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import java.sql.Connection;
 import java.sql.ResultSet;
 import java.sql.SQLException;
@@ -45,7 +48,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
       "SqlStringInjectionHint.10.5",
       "SqlStringInjectionHint.10.6"
     })
-public class SqlInjectionLesson10 extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class SqlInjectionLesson10 implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   private final LessonDataSource dataSource;
 
@@ -120,8 +123,7 @@ public class SqlInjectionLesson10 extends AssignmentEndpoint {
       if (errorMsg.contains("object not found: ACCESS_LOG")) {
         return false;
       } else {
-        System.err.println(e.getMessage());
+        return true;
-        return false;
       }
     }
   }

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/sqlinjection/introduction/SqlInjectionLesson2.java

@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@ package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.sqlinjection.introduction;
 
 import static java.sql.ResultSet.CONCUR_READ_ONLY;
 import static java.sql.ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVE;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
 
 import java.sql.ResultSet;
 import java.sql.SQLException;
@@ -45,7 +47,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
       "SqlStringInjectionHint2-3",
       "SqlStringInjectionHint2-4"
     })
-public class SqlInjectionLesson2 extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class SqlInjectionLesson2 implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   private final LessonDataSource dataSource;
 

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/sqlinjection/introduction/SqlInjectionLesson3.java

@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@ package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.sqlinjection.introduction;
 
 import static java.sql.ResultSet.CONCUR_READ_ONLY;
 import static java.sql.ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVE;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
 
 import java.sql.Connection;
 import java.sql.ResultSet;
@@ -40,7 +42,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
 
 @RestController
 @AssignmentHints(value = {"SqlStringInjectionHint3-1", "SqlStringInjectionHint3-2"})
-public class SqlInjectionLesson3 extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class SqlInjectionLesson3 implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   private final LessonDataSource dataSource;
 

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/sqlinjection/introduction/SqlInjectionLesson4.java

@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@ package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.sqlinjection.introduction;
 
 import static java.sql.ResultSet.CONCUR_READ_ONLY;
 import static java.sql.ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVE;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
 
 import java.sql.Connection;
 import java.sql.ResultSet;
@@ -41,7 +43,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
 @RestController
 @AssignmentHints(
     value = {"SqlStringInjectionHint4-1", "SqlStringInjectionHint4-2", "SqlStringInjectionHint4-3"})
-public class SqlInjectionLesson4 extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class SqlInjectionLesson4 implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   private final LessonDataSource dataSource;
 

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/sqlinjection/introduction/SqlInjectionLesson5.java

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.sqlinjection.introduction;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import jakarta.annotation.PostConstruct;
 import java.sql.Connection;
 import java.sql.ResultSet;
@@ -43,7 +46,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
       "SqlStringInjectionHint5-3",
       "SqlStringInjectionHint5-4"
     })
-public class SqlInjectionLesson5 extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class SqlInjectionLesson5 implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   private final LessonDataSource dataSource;
 

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/sqlinjection/introduction/SqlInjectionLesson5a.java

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.sqlinjection.introduction;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import java.sql.*;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.LessonDataSource;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentEndpoint;
@@ -34,7 +37,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
 
 @RestController
 @AssignmentHints(value = {"SqlStringInjectionHint5a1"})
-public class SqlInjectionLesson5a extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class SqlInjectionLesson5a implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   private static final String EXPLANATION =
       "<br> Explanation: This injection works, because <span style=\"font-style: italic\">or '1' ="

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/sqlinjection/introduction/SqlInjectionLesson5b.java

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.sqlinjection.introduction;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.sql.*;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.LessonDataSource;
@@ -41,7 +44,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
       "SqlStringInjectionHint5b3",
       "SqlStringInjectionHint5b4"
     })
-public class SqlInjectionLesson5b extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class SqlInjectionLesson5b implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   private final LessonDataSource dataSource;
 

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/sqlinjection/introduction/SqlInjectionLesson8.java

@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@ package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.sqlinjection.introduction;
 
 import static java.sql.ResultSet.CONCUR_UPDATABLE;
 import static java.sql.ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
 
 import java.sql.*;
 import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
@@ -46,7 +48,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
       "SqlStringInjectionHint.8.4",
       "SqlStringInjectionHint.8.5"
     })
-public class SqlInjectionLesson8 extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class SqlInjectionLesson8 implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   private final LessonDataSource dataSource;
 

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/sqlinjection/introduction/SqlInjectionLesson9.java

@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@ package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.sqlinjection.introduction;
 
 import static org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCResultSet.CONCUR_UPDATABLE;
 import static org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
 
 import java.sql.Connection;
 import java.sql.ResultSet;
@@ -47,7 +49,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
       "SqlStringInjectionHint.9.4",
       "SqlStringInjectionHint.9.5"
     })
-public class SqlInjectionLesson9 extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class SqlInjectionLesson9 implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   private final LessonDataSource dataSource;
 
@@ -99,7 +101,6 @@ public class SqlInjectionLesson9 extends AssignmentEndpoint {
               SqlInjectionLesson8.generateTable(this.getEmployeesDataOrderBySalaryDesc(connection)))
           .build();
     } catch (SQLException e) {
-      System.err.println(e.getMessage());
       return failed(this)
           .output("<br><span class='feedback-negative'>" + e.getMessage() + "</span>")
           .build();

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/sqlinjection/mitigation/SqlInjectionLesson10a.java

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.sqlinjection.mitigation;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentEndpoint;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentHints;
@@ -35,9 +38,9 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
 @Slf4j
 @AssignmentHints(
     value = {"SqlStringInjectionHint-mitigation-10a-1", "SqlStringInjectionHint-mitigation-10a-2"})
-public class SqlInjectionLesson10a extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class SqlInjectionLesson10a implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
-  private String[] results = {
+  private static final String[] results = {
     "getConnection", "PreparedStatement", "prepareStatement", "?", "?", "setString", "setString"
   };
 

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/sqlinjection/mitigation/SqlInjectionLesson10b.java

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.sqlinjection.mitigation;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.net.URI;
 import java.util.Arrays;
@@ -52,7 +55,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
       "SqlStringInjectionHint-mitigation-10b-4",
       "SqlStringInjectionHint-mitigation-10b-5"
     })
-public class SqlInjectionLesson10b extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class SqlInjectionLesson10b implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   @PostMapping("/SqlInjectionMitigations/attack10b")
   @ResponseBody

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/sqlinjection/mitigation/SqlInjectionLesson13.java

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.sqlinjection.mitigation;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import java.sql.Connection;
 import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
 import java.sql.ResultSet;
@@ -45,7 +48,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
       "SqlStringInjectionHint-mitigation-13-4"
     })
 @Slf4j
-public class SqlInjectionLesson13 extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class SqlInjectionLesson13 implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   private final LessonDataSource dataSource;
 
@@ -68,7 +71,7 @@ public class SqlInjectionLesson13 extends AssignmentEndpoint {
       return failed(this).build();
     } catch (SQLException e) {
       log.error("Failed", e);
-      return (failed(this).build());
+      return failed(this).build();
     }
   }
 }

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/sqlinjection/mitigation/SqlOnlyInputValidation.java

@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.sqlinjection.mitigation;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentEndpoint;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentHints;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResult;
@@ -34,7 +36,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
 @RestController
 @AssignmentHints(
     value = {"SqlOnlyInputValidation-1", "SqlOnlyInputValidation-2", "SqlOnlyInputValidation-3"})
-public class SqlOnlyInputValidation extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class SqlOnlyInputValidation implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   private final SqlInjectionLesson6a lesson6a;
 
@@ -52,7 +54,9 @@ public class SqlOnlyInputValidation extends AssignmentEndpoint {
     return new AttackResult(
         attackResult.isLessonCompleted(),
         attackResult.getFeedback(),
+        attackResult.getFeedbackArgs(),
         attackResult.getOutput(),
+        attackResult.getOutputArgs(),
         getClass().getSimpleName(),
         true);
   }

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/sqlinjection/mitigation/SqlOnlyInputValidationOnKeywords.java

@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.sqlinjection.mitigation;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentEndpoint;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentHints;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResult;
@@ -38,7 +40,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
       "SqlOnlyInputValidationOnKeywords-2",
       "SqlOnlyInputValidationOnKeywords-3"
     })
-public class SqlOnlyInputValidationOnKeywords extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class SqlOnlyInputValidationOnKeywords implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   private final SqlInjectionLesson6a lesson6a;
 
@@ -58,7 +60,9 @@ public class SqlOnlyInputValidationOnKeywords extends AssignmentEndpoint {
     return new AttackResult(
         attackResult.isLessonCompleted(),
         attackResult.getFeedback(),
+        attackResult.getFeedbackArgs(),
         attackResult.getOutput(),
+        attackResult.getOutputArgs(),
         getClass().getSimpleName(),
         true);
   }

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/ssrf/SSRFTask1.java

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.ssrf;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentEndpoint;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentHints;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResult;
@@ -32,7 +35,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
 
 @RestController
 @AssignmentHints({"ssrf.hint1", "ssrf.hint2"})
-public class SSRFTask1 extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class SSRFTask1 implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   @PostMapping("/SSRF/task1")
   @ResponseBody

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/ssrf/SSRFTask2.java

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.ssrf;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.io.InputStream;
 import java.net.MalformedURLException;
@@ -37,7 +40,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
 
 @RestController
 @AssignmentHints({"ssrf.hint3"})
-public class SSRFTask2 extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class SSRFTask2 implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   @PostMapping("/SSRF/task2")
   @ResponseBody

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/vulnerablecomponents/VulnerableComponentsLesson.java

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.vulnerablecomponents;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import com.thoughtworks.xstream.XStream;
 import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentEndpoint;
@@ -34,7 +37,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
 
 @RestController
 @AssignmentHints({"vulnerable.hint"})
-public class VulnerableComponentsLesson extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class VulnerableComponentsLesson implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   @PostMapping("/VulnerableComponents/attack1")
   public @ResponseBody AttackResult completed(@RequestParam String payload) {

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/webwolfintroduction/LandingAssignment.java

@@ -22,9 +22,9 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.webwolfintroduction;
 
-import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
-import java.net.URI;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
-import java.net.URISyntaxException;
+
 import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.CurrentUsername;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentEndpoint;
@@ -41,10 +41,12 @@ import org.springframework.web.servlet.ModelAndView;
  * @since 8/20/17.
  */
 @RestController
-public class LandingAssignment extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class LandingAssignment implements AssignmentEndpoint {
+  private final String landingPageUrl;
 
-  @Value("${webwolf.landingpage.url}")
+  public LandingAssignment(@Value("${webwolf.landingpage.url}") String landingPageUrl) {
-  private String landingPageUrl;
+    this.landingPageUrl = landingPageUrl;
+  }
 
   @PostMapping("/WebWolf/landing")
   @ResponseBody
@@ -56,9 +58,7 @@ public class LandingAssignment extends AssignmentEndpoint {
   }
 
   @GetMapping("/WebWolf/landing/password-reset")
-  public ModelAndView openPasswordReset(
+  public ModelAndView openPasswordReset(@CurrentUsername String username) {
-      HttpServletRequest request, @CurrentUsername String username) throws URISyntaxException {
-    URI uri = new URI(request.getRequestURL().toString());
     ModelAndView modelAndView = new ModelAndView();
     modelAndView.addObject(
         "webwolfLandingPageUrl", landingPageUrl.replace("//landing", "/landing"));

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/webwolfintroduction/MailAssignment.java

@@ -22,6 +22,10 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.webwolfintroduction;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.informationMessage;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.CurrentUsername;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentEndpoint;
@@ -39,7 +43,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;
  * @since 8/20/17.
  */
 @RestController
-public class MailAssignment extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class MailAssignment implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   private final String webWolfURL;
   private RestTemplate restTemplate;

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/xss/CrossSiteScriptingLesson1.java

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.xss;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentEndpoint;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResult;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PostMapping;
@@ -30,7 +33,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
 
 @RestController
-public class CrossSiteScriptingLesson1 extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class CrossSiteScriptingLesson1 implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   @PostMapping("/CrossSiteScripting/attack1")
   @ResponseBody

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/xss/CrossSiteScriptingLesson5a.java

@@ -22,13 +22,15 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.xss;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import java.util.function.Predicate;
 import java.util.regex.Pattern;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentEndpoint;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentHints;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResult;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.session.LessonSession;
-import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestParam;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody;
@@ -42,13 +44,18 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
       "xss-reflected-5a-hint-3",
       "xss-reflected-5a-hint-4"
     })
-public class CrossSiteScriptingLesson5a extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class CrossSiteScriptingLesson5a implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   public static final Predicate<String> XSS_PATTERN =
       Pattern.compile(
               ".*<script>(console\\.log|alert)\\(.*\\);?</script>.*", Pattern.CASE_INSENSITIVE)
           .asMatchPredicate();
-  @Autowired LessonSession userSessionData;
+
+  private final LessonSession userSessionData;
+
+  public CrossSiteScriptingLesson5a(LessonSession lessonSession) {
+    this.userSessionData = lessonSession;
+  }
 
   @GetMapping("/CrossSiteScripting/attack5a")
   @ResponseBody

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/xss/CrossSiteScriptingLesson6a.java

@@ -22,11 +22,13 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.xss;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentEndpoint;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentHints;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResult;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.session.LessonSession;
-import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PostMapping;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestParam;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody;
@@ -40,8 +42,12 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
       "xss-reflected-6a-hint-3",
       "xss-reflected-6a-hint-4"
     })
-public class CrossSiteScriptingLesson6a extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class CrossSiteScriptingLesson6a implements AssignmentEndpoint {
-  @Autowired LessonSession userSessionData;
+  private final LessonSession userSessionData;
+
+  public CrossSiteScriptingLesson6a(LessonSession userSessionData) {
+    this.userSessionData = userSessionData;
+  }
 
   @PostMapping("/CrossSiteScripting/attack6a")
   @ResponseBody

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/xss/CrossSiteScriptingQuiz.java

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.xss;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import java.io.IOException;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentEndpoint;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResult;
@@ -32,9 +35,11 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
 
 @RestController
-public class CrossSiteScriptingQuiz extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class CrossSiteScriptingQuiz implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
-  String[] solutions = {"Solution 4", "Solution 3", "Solution 1", "Solution 2", "Solution 4"};
+  private static final String[] solutions = {
+    "Solution 4", "Solution 3", "Solution 1", "Solution 2", "Solution 4"
+  };
   boolean[] guesses = new boolean[solutions.length];
 
   @PostMapping("/CrossSiteScripting/quiz")

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/xss/DOMCrossSiteScripting.java

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.xss;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
 import java.security.SecureRandom;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentEndpoint;
@@ -33,7 +36,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
 
 @RestController
-public class DOMCrossSiteScripting extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class DOMCrossSiteScripting implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   private final LessonSession lessonSession;
 

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/xss/DOMCrossSiteScriptingVerifier.java

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.xss;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentEndpoint;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentHints;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResult;
@@ -42,7 +45,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
       "xss-dom-message-hint-5",
       "xss-dom-message-hint-6"
     })
-public class DOMCrossSiteScriptingVerifier extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class DOMCrossSiteScriptingVerifier implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   private final LessonSession lessonSession;
 

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/xss/mitigation/CrossSiteScriptingLesson3.java

@@ -23,6 +23,9 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.xss.mitigation;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import org.jsoup.Jsoup;
 import org.jsoup.nodes.Document;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentEndpoint;
@@ -41,7 +44,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
       "xss-mitigation-3-hint3",
       "xss-mitigation-3-hint4"
     })
-public class CrossSiteScriptingLesson3 extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class CrossSiteScriptingLesson3 implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   @PostMapping("/CrossSiteScripting/attack3")
   @ResponseBody

src/main/java/org/owasp/webgoat/lessons/xss/mitigation/CrossSiteScriptingLesson4.java

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
 
 package org.owasp.webgoat.lessons.xss.mitigation;
 
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.failed;
+import static org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResultBuilder.success;
+
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentEndpoint;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AssignmentHints;
 import org.owasp.webgoat.container.assignments.AttackResult;
@@ -32,7 +35,7 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
 
 @RestController
 @AssignmentHints(value = {"xss-mitigation-4-hint1"})
-public class CrossSiteScriptingLesson4 extends AssignmentEndpoint {
+public class CrossSiteScriptingLesson4 implements AssignmentEndpoint {
 
   @PostMapping("/CrossSiteScripting/attack4")
   @ResponseBody