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<div class=Section1>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Lesson
Plan Title:</span></b><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'> How to
Hijack a Session<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Concept /
Topic To Teach:</span></b><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<!-- Start Instructions -->
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Application
developers who develop their own session IDs frequently forget to incorporate
the complexity and randomness necessary for security. If the user specific
session ID is not complex and random, then the application is highly
susceptible to session-based brute force attacks. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>General
Goal(s):</span></b><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Try to access
an authenticated session belonging to someone else. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<!-- Stop Instructions -->
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>In this
lesson the purpose is to predict the WEAKID value. The WEAKID is used to
differentiate authenticated and anonymous users of WebGoat.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-no-proof:
yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600"
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<v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/>
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<v:imagedata src="lesson_solutions/WeakSessionID_files/image001.png" o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=640 height=369
src="lesson_solutions/WeakSessionID_files/image020.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_785"><![endif]></span><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Solution:</span></b><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>The easiest
way to complete this lesson is to use WebScarab's Session ID Analysis.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Go to
WebScarab and click on the button "SessionID Analysis". Select the last POST
request from the "Previous requests" drop-down box.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='page-break-after:avoid'><span style='font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_786"
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visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="lesson_solutions/WeakSessionID_files/image003.png" o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=640 height=369
src="lesson_solutions/WeakSessionID_files/image021.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_786"><![endif]></span></p>
<p class=MsoCaption>Figure <!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>SEQ Figure \* ARABIC
<span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span
style='mso-no-proof:yes'>1</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span><![endif]--> WebScarabs SessionID Analysis<span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>To make sure
that WebScarab is able to fetch the WEAKID cookie, you need to click the "Test"
button on the bottom of the screen. A pop-up window must be shown like below.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='page-break-after:avoid'><span style='font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_787"
o:spid="_x0000_i1032" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:480pt;height:276pt;
visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="lesson_solutions/WeakSessionID_files/image005.png" o:title="" cropbottom="2719f"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=640 height=368
src="lesson_solutions/WeakSessionID_files/image022.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_787"><![endif]></span></p>
<p class=MsoCaption>Figure <!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>SEQ Figure \* ARABIC
<span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span
style='mso-no-proof:yes'>2</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span><![endif]--> SessionID WEAKID discovered<span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>If you don�t
have a pop-up window with the Extracted Sessionids, you must edit the Request.
You must delete the WEAKID value from the request. Without this cookie value,
WebGoat will return a HTTP Header "Set-Cookie: WEAKID=value" so WebScarab
learns about this value.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Fetch 50
samples and examine the results. Enter "50" in the "Samples" window and click
the button "Fetch". You will not see any information about progress.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-no-proof:
yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_788" o:spid="_x0000_i1031"
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</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=640 height=23
src="lesson_solutions/WeakSessionID_files/image023.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_788"><![endif]></span><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Now you need
to go to the tab "Analysis".<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-no-proof:
yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_789" o:spid="_x0000_i1030"
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src="lesson_solutions/WeakSessionID_files/image024.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_789"><![endif]></span><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>In the "Analysis"
pane you see nothing. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-no-proof:
yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_790" o:spid="_x0000_i1029"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:480pt;height:276.75pt;visibility:visible;
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<v:imagedata src="lesson_solutions/WeakSessionID_files/image010.png" o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=640 height=369
src="lesson_solutions/WeakSessionID_files/image025.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_790"><![endif]></span><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>You must
select the Session Identifier WEAKID value from the drop-down box.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-no-proof:
yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_791" o:spid="_x0000_i1028"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:480pt;height:276.75pt;visibility:visible;
mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="lesson_solutions/WeakSessionID_files/image012.png" o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=640 height=369
src="lesson_solutions/WeakSessionID_files/image026.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_791"><![endif]></span><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>The WEAKID is
divided in 2 parts: the first part is an identifier that is added 1 in every
cookie and a time value. The time value is calculated at the moment that you
submit the request.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Notice that
there is sometimes a gap in the first value of the WEAKID, skipping with 1. The
value that is missing is the value that you need to know to log on. Now you
only need to calculate the timestamp. This can be brute-forced using Crowbar.
You know the previous timestamp and the next timestamp so you have a start and
end value.<br>
You can download Crowbar for free: <a href="http://www.sensepost.com/research/crowbar/" target="_blank">http://www.sensepost.com/research/crowbar/</a>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-no-proof:
yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_792" o:spid="_x0000_i1027"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:480.75pt;height:338.25pt;visibility:visible;
mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="lesson_solutions/WeakSessionID_files/image014.png" o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=641 height=451
src="lesson_solutions/WeakSessionID_files/image027.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_792"><![endif]></span><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>There is a
value 16935 and a value 16937 with a numeric difference of 28110 instead of
14109, so there the WEAKID cookie is located. Copy and paste the raw HTTP
request in Crowbar:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='page-break-after:avoid'><span style='font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_793"
o:spid="_x0000_i1026" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:447pt;height:382.5pt;
visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="lesson_solutions/WeakSessionID_files/image016.png" o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=596 height=510
src="lesson_solutions/WeakSessionID_files/image028.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_793"><![endif]></span></p>
<p class=MsoCaption>Figure <!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>SEQ Figure \* ARABIC
<span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span
style='mso-no-proof:yes'>3</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span><![endif]--> Crowbar<span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Change target
to localhost and adjust the port.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Create a Base
response. Make sure that you see "How to hijack a session" in the middle
window.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Insert ##1##
in the WEAKID parameter where you want to brute-force the value and be aware, that the first part of the WEAKID is the one we are searching for (16936).
The WEAKID in Crowbar lookes like this: Cookie: JSESSIONID=...; WEAKID=1693<font color="ff0000">6</font>-1163685<font color="ff0000">##1##</font>;<br>
Start the first loop at 363093, the last digits of the last cookie before the
authentication cookie and 363203, the first cookie after the authentication
cookie. You have to enter these two values in the Parameter1 fields. We have to brute-force these values, but we are sure that they lie
between these two boundaries.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Examine the
results until you see a different fuzzy logic value (the blue line in Figure 3), right-click it and click on "Show
reply".<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='page-break-after:avoid'><span style='font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_794"
o:spid="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:481.5pt;height:345.75pt;
visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="lesson_solutions/WeakSessionID_files/image018.png" o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=642 height=461
src="lesson_solutions/WeakSessionID_files/image029.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_794"><![endif]></span></p>
<p class=MsoCaption>Figure <!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>�</span>SEQ Figure \* ARABIC
<span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span
style='mso-no-proof:yes'>4</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span><![endif]--> Lesson 12 Completed<span style='font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
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<tr>
<td valign='MIDDLE' width='100%' align='RIGHT class=MsoNormal' style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>
Solution by Erwin Geirnaert
</td>
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