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git-svn-id: http://webgoat.googlecode.com/svn/trunk@436 4033779f-a91e-0410-96ef-6bf7bf53c507
932 lines
43 KiB
HTML
932 lines
43 KiB
HTML
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<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Lesson
|
||
Plan Title:</span></b><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'> How to
|
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Perform Silent Transactions Attacks. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
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<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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Topic To Teach:</span></b><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
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|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>This lesson
|
||
teaches how to perform silent transactions attacks. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
|
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|
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|
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attacks works:</span></b><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
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|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Any system that
|
||
silently processes transactions using a single submission is dangerous to the
|
||
client. For example, if a normal web application allows a simple URL
|
||
submission, a preset session attack will allow the attacker to complete a
|
||
transaction without the user's authorization. In Ajax, it gets worse: the
|
||
transaction is silent; it happens with no user feedback on the page, so an
|
||
injected attack script may be able to steal money from the client without
|
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authorization.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
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|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>General
|
||
Goal(s):</span></b><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
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|
||
sample internet banking application - money transfer page.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>It shows
|
||
below your balance, the account you are transferring to and amount you will
|
||
transfer.<br>
|
||
The application uses AJAX to submit the transaction after doing some basic
|
||
client side validations.<br>
|
||
Your goal is to try to bypass the user's authorization and silently execute the
|
||
transaction.<br style='mso-special-character:line-break'>
|
||
<![if !supportLineBreakNewLine]><br style='mso-special-character:line-break'>
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<v:imagedata src="lesson_solutions/SilentTransactions_files/image001.png" o:title=""/>
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</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=640 height=370
|
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src="lesson_solutions/SilentTransactions_files/image009.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_89"><![endif]></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoCaption>Figure <!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
|
||
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'><3E></span>SEQ Figure \* ARABIC
|
||
<span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span
|
||
style='mso-no-proof:yes'>1</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
|
||
field-end'></span><![endif]--> AJAX Security - Silent transaction attacks</p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Solution:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>This web
|
||
application uses JavaScript on the client to initiate a transaction for
|
||
transferring money. Examining the HTML source reveals that two JavaScript
|
||
functions are being used:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><script><o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>function
|
||
processData(){<o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'><EFBFBD></span>var accountNo =
|
||
document.getElementById('newAccount').value;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'><EFBFBD></span>var amount =
|
||
document.getElementById('amount').value;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'><EFBFBD></span>if ( accountNo == ''){<o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'><EFBFBD></span>alert('Please enter a valid account number to
|
||
transfer to.')<o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'><EFBFBD></span>return;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>}<o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'><EFBFBD></span>else if ( amount == ''){<o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'><EFBFBD></span>alert('Please enter a valid amount to
|
||
transfer.')<o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'><EFBFBD></span>return;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>}<o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'><EFBFBD></span>var balanceValue =
|
||
document.getElementById('balanceID').innerText;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'><EFBFBD></span>balanceValue = balanceValue.replace( new
|
||
RegExp('$') , '');<o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'><EFBFBD></span>if ( parseFloat(amount) >
|
||
parseFloat(balanceValue) ) {<o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'><EFBFBD></span>alert('You can not transfer more funds than
|
||
what is available in your balance.')<o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'><EFBFBD></span>return;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>}<o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'><EFBFBD></span>document.getElementById('confirm').value<span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'><EFBFBD> </span>= 'Transferring'<o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>submitData(accountNo,
|
||
amount);<o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'><EFBFBD></span>document.getElementById('confirm').value<span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'><EFBFBD> </span>= 'Confirm'<o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>balanceValue
|
||
= parseFloat(balanceValue) - parseFloat(amount);<o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>balanceValue
|
||
= balanceValue.toFixed(2);<o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>document.getElementById('balanceID').innerText
|
||
= balanceValue + '$';<o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>}<o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>function
|
||
submitData(accountNo, balance) {<o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>var url =
|
||
'attack?Screen=74&menu=1150&from=ajax&newAccount='+
|
||
accountNo+ '&amount=' + balance +'&confirm=' +
|
||
document.getElementById('confirm').value; <o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>if (typeof
|
||
XMLHttpRequest != 'undefined') {<o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>req = new
|
||
XMLHttpRequest();<o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>} else if
|
||
(window.ActiveXObject) {<o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>req = new
|
||
ActiveXObject('Microsoft.XMLHTTP');<o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>}<o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>req.open('GET', url, true);<o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>req.onreadystatechange = callback;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>req.send(null);<o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>}<o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>function
|
||
callback() {<o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>if (req.readyState == 4) { <o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>if (req.status == 200) { <o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>var result =<span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'><EFBFBD> </span>req.responseText ;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><span
|
||
style='mso-tab-count:3'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span><span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'><EFBFBD></span></span><span lang=NL-BE style='font-family:
|
||
"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ansi-language:NL-BE'>var resultsDiv =
|
||
document.getElementById('resultsDiv');<o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=NL-BE style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
|
||
mso-ansi-language:NL-BE'><span style='mso-tab-count:4'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span></span><span
|
||
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>resultsDiv.innerHTML = '';<o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><span
|
||
style='mso-tab-count:4'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>resultsDiv.innerHTML
|
||
= result;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>}}}<o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'></script><o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>The function
|
||
processData() is called when the user fills out an account number and an amount
|
||
to transfer. The function processData() will check if the user has sufficient
|
||
balance before initiating the transaction. After validation of the balance, the
|
||
JavaScript function submitData(accountNo, balance) is called which actually
|
||
submits the required information, target account number and the amount to
|
||
transfer, to the back-end web application.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>If you are
|
||
able to call this JavaScript function submitData(accountNo, balance) from the
|
||
browser, you are able to bypass the client-side validation and execute this
|
||
transaction silently, without an additional approval or digital signature of
|
||
the user.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>The latest
|
||
generation of browsers allows to call JavaScript from the address bar, using
|
||
javascript:function();. Try to execute: javascript:submitData(1234556,11000);<o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal style='page-break-after:avoid'><span style='font-family:
|
||
"Arial","sans-serif";mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_90"
|
||
o:spid="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:480pt;height:277.5pt;
|
||
visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
|
||
<v:imagedata src="lesson_solutions/SilentTransactions_files/image003.png" o:title=""/>
|
||
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=640 height=370
|
||
src="lesson_solutions/SilentTransactions_files/image010.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_90"><![endif]></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoCaption>Figure <!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
|
||
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'><3E></span>SEQ Figure \* ARABIC
|
||
<span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span
|
||
style='mso-no-proof:yes'>2</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
|
||
field-end'></span><![endif]--> Follow the hints....</p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal style='page-break-after:avoid'><span style='mso-no-proof:
|
||
yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_91" o:spid="_x0000_i1026"
|
||
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:481.5pt;height:345pt;visibility:visible;
|
||
mso-wrap-style:square'>
|
||
<v:imagedata src="lesson_solutions/SilentTransactions_files/image005.png" o:title=""/>
|
||
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=642 height=460
|
||
src="lesson_solutions/SilentTransactions_files/image011.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_91"><![endif]></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoCaption>Figure <!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
|
||
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'><3E></span>SEQ Figure \* ARABIC
|
||
<span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span
|
||
style='mso-no-proof:yes'>3</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
|
||
field-end'></span><![endif]--> HTTP Request generated from Javascript function
|
||
submitData(123456,110000);</p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal style='page-break-after:avoid'><span style='mso-no-proof:
|
||
yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_92" o:spid="_x0000_i1025"
|
||
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:480pt;height:277.5pt;visibility:visible;
|
||
mso-wrap-style:square'>
|
||
<v:imagedata src="lesson_solutions/SilentTransactions_files/image007.png" o:title=""/>
|
||
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=640 height=370
|
||
src="lesson_solutions/SilentTransactions_files/image012.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_92"><![endif]></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoCaption>Figure <!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
|
||
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'><3E></span>SEQ Figure \* ARABIC
|
||
<span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span
|
||
style='mso-no-proof:yes'>4</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
|
||
field-end'></span><![endif]--> Lesson completed</p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<table align='RIGHT' cellspacing='0' width='90%' border='0' cellpadding='0'>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td valign='MIDDLE' width='100%' align='RIGHT class=MsoNormal' style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>
|
||
Solution by Erwin Geirnaert
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td valign='MIDDLE' align='RIGHT'><img hspace='0' vspace='0' border='0' alt='ZION SECURITY' src='images/logos/zionsecurity.gif'></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
|
||
</body>
|
||
|
||
</html>
|