from __future__ import annotations
import typing as t
import warnings
from pprint import pformat
from threading import Lock
from urllib.parse import quote
from urllib.parse import urljoin
from urllib.parse import urlunsplit
from .._internal import _get_environ
from .._internal import _wsgi_decoding_dance
from ..datastructures import ImmutableDict
from ..datastructures import MultiDict
from ..exceptions import BadHost
from ..exceptions import HTTPException
from ..exceptions import MethodNotAllowed
from ..exceptions import NotFound
from ..urls import _urlencode
from ..wsgi import get_host
from .converters import DEFAULT_CONVERTERS
from .exceptions import BuildError
from .exceptions import NoMatch
from .exceptions import RequestAliasRedirect
from .exceptions import RequestPath
from .exceptions import RequestRedirect
from .exceptions import WebsocketMismatch
from .matcher import StateMachineMatcher
from .rules import _simple_rule_re
from .rules import Rule
if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
from _typeshed.wsgi import WSGIApplication
from _typeshed.wsgi import WSGIEnvironment
from ..wrappers.request import Request
from .converters import BaseConverter
from .rules import RuleFactory
class Map:
"""The map class stores all the URL rules and some configuration
parameters. Some of the configuration values are only stored on the
`Map` instance since those affect all rules, others are just defaults
and can be overridden for each rule. Note that you have to specify all
arguments besides the `rules` as keyword arguments!
:param rules: sequence of url rules for this map.
:param default_subdomain: The default subdomain for rules without a
subdomain defined.
:param strict_slashes: If a rule ends with a slash but the matched
URL does not, redirect to the URL with a trailing slash.
:param merge_slashes: Merge consecutive slashes when matching or
building URLs. Matches will redirect to the normalized URL.
Slashes in variable parts are not merged.
:param redirect_defaults: This will redirect to the default rule if it
wasn't visited that way. This helps creating
unique URLs.
:param converters: A dict of converters that adds additional converters
to the list of converters. If you redefine one
converter this will override the original one.
:param sort_parameters: If set to `True` the url parameters are sorted.
See `url_encode` for more details.
:param sort_key: The sort key function for `url_encode`.
:param host_matching: if set to `True` it enables the host matching
feature and disables the subdomain one. If
enabled the `host` parameter to rules is used
instead of the `subdomain` one.
.. versionchanged:: 3.0
The ``charset`` and ``encoding_errors`` parameters were removed.
.. versionchanged:: 1.0
If ``url_scheme`` is ``ws`` or ``wss``, only WebSocket rules will match.
.. versionchanged:: 1.0
The ``merge_slashes`` parameter was added.
.. versionchanged:: 0.7
The ``encoding_errors`` and ``host_matching`` parameters were added.
.. versionchanged:: 0.5
The ``sort_parameters`` and ``sort_key`` paramters were added.
"""
#: A dict of default converters to be used.
default_converters = ImmutableDict(DEFAULT_CONVERTERS)
#: The type of lock to use when updating.
#:
#: .. versionadded:: 1.0
lock_class = Lock
def __init__(
self,
rules: t.Iterable[RuleFactory] | None = None,
default_subdomain: str = "",
strict_slashes: bool = True,
merge_slashes: bool = True,
redirect_defaults: bool = True,
converters: t.Mapping[str, type[BaseConverter]] | None = None,
sort_parameters: bool = False,
sort_key: t.Callable[[t.Any], t.Any] | None = None,
host_matching: bool = False,
) -> None:
self._matcher = StateMachineMatcher(merge_slashes)
self._rules_by_endpoint: dict[t.Any, list[Rule]] = {}
self._remap = True
self._remap_lock = self.lock_class()
self.default_subdomain = default_subdomain
self.strict_slashes = strict_slashes
self.redirect_defaults = redirect_defaults
self.host_matching = host_matching
self.converters = self.default_converters.copy()
if converters:
self.converters.update(converters)
self.sort_parameters = sort_parameters
self.sort_key = sort_key
for rulefactory in rules or ():
self.add(rulefactory)
@property
def merge_slashes(self) -> bool:
return self._matcher.merge_slashes
@merge_slashes.setter
def merge_slashes(self, value: bool) -> None:
self._matcher.merge_slashes = value
def is_endpoint_expecting(self, endpoint: t.Any, *arguments: str) -> bool:
"""Iterate over all rules and check if the endpoint expects
the arguments provided. This is for example useful if you have
some URLs that expect a language code and others that do not and
you want to wrap the builder a bit so that the current language
code is automatically added if not provided but endpoints expect
it.
:param endpoint: the endpoint to check.
:param arguments: this function accepts one or more arguments
as positional arguments. Each one of them is
checked.
"""
self.update()
arguments_set = set(arguments)
for rule in self._rules_by_endpoint[endpoint]:
if arguments_set.issubset(rule.arguments):
return True
return False
@property
def _rules(self) -> list[Rule]:
return [rule for rules in self._rules_by_endpoint.values() for rule in rules]
def iter_rules(self, endpoint: t.Any | None = None) -> t.Iterator[Rule]:
"""Iterate over all rules or the rules of an endpoint.
:param endpoint: if provided only the rules for that endpoint
are returned.
:return: an iterator
"""
self.update()
if endpoint is not None:
return iter(self._rules_by_endpoint[endpoint])
return iter(self._rules)
def add(self, rulefactory: RuleFactory) -> None:
"""Add a new rule or factory to the map and bind it. Requires that the
rule is not bound to another map.
:param rulefactory: a :class:`Rule` or :class:`RuleFactory`
"""
for rule in rulefactory.get_rules(self):
rule.bind(self)
if not rule.build_only:
self._matcher.add(rule)
self._rules_by_endpoint.setdefault(rule.endpoint, []).append(rule)
self._remap = True
def bind(
self,
server_name: str,
script_name: str | None = None,
subdomain: str | None = None,
url_scheme: str = "http",
default_method: str = "GET",
path_info: str | None = None,
query_args: t.Mapping[str, t.Any] | str | None = None,
) -> MapAdapter:
"""Return a new :class:`MapAdapter` with the details specified to the
call. Note that `script_name` will default to ``'/'`` if not further
specified or `None`. The `server_name` at least is a requirement
because the HTTP RFC requires absolute URLs for redirects and so all
redirect exceptions raised by Werkzeug will contain the full canonical
URL.
If no path_info is passed to :meth:`match` it will use the default path
info passed to bind. While this doesn't really make sense for
manual bind calls, it's useful if you bind a map to a WSGI
environment which already contains the path info.
`subdomain` will default to the `default_subdomain` for this map if
no defined. If there is no `default_subdomain` you cannot use the
subdomain feature.
.. versionchanged:: 1.0
If ``url_scheme`` is ``ws`` or ``wss``, only WebSocket rules
will match.
.. versionchanged:: 0.15
``path_info`` defaults to ``'/'`` if ``None``.
.. versionchanged:: 0.8
``query_args`` can be a string.
.. versionchanged:: 0.7
Added ``query_args``.
"""
server_name = server_name.lower()
if self.host_matching:
if subdomain is not None:
raise RuntimeError("host matching enabled and a subdomain was provided")
elif subdomain is None:
subdomain = self.default_subdomain
if script_name is None:
script_name = "/"
if path_info is None:
path_info = "/"
# Port isn't part of IDNA, and might push a name over the 63 octet limit.
server_name, port_sep, port = server_name.partition(":")
try:
server_name = server_name.encode("idna").decode("ascii")
except UnicodeError as e:
raise BadHost() from e
return MapAdapter(
self,
f"{server_name}{port_sep}{port}",
script_name,
subdomain,
url_scheme,
path_info,
default_method,
query_args,
)
def bind_to_environ(
self,
environ: WSGIEnvironment | Request,
server_name: str | None = None,
subdomain: str | None = None,
) -> MapAdapter:
"""Like :meth:`bind` but you can pass it an WSGI environment and it
will fetch the information from that dictionary. Note that because of
limitations in the protocol there is no way to get the current
subdomain and real `server_name` from the environment. If you don't
provide it, Werkzeug will use `SERVER_NAME` and `SERVER_PORT` (or
`HTTP_HOST` if provided) as used `server_name` with disabled subdomain
feature.
If `subdomain` is `None` but an environment and a server name is
provided it will calculate the current subdomain automatically.
Example: `server_name` is ``'example.com'`` and the `SERVER_NAME`
in the wsgi `environ` is ``'staging.dev.example.com'`` the calculated
subdomain will be ``'staging.dev'``.
If the object passed as environ has an environ attribute, the value of
this attribute is used instead. This allows you to pass request
objects. Additionally `PATH_INFO` added as a default of the
:class:`MapAdapter` so that you don't have to pass the path info to
the match method.
.. versionchanged:: 1.0.0
If the passed server name specifies port 443, it will match
if the incoming scheme is ``https`` without a port.
.. versionchanged:: 1.0.0
A warning is shown when the passed server name does not
match the incoming WSGI server name.
.. versionchanged:: 0.8
This will no longer raise a ValueError when an unexpected server
name was passed.
.. versionchanged:: 0.5
previously this method accepted a bogus `calculate_subdomain`
parameter that did not have any effect. It was removed because
of that.
:param environ: a WSGI environment.
:param server_name: an optional server name hint (see above).
:param subdomain: optionally the current subdomain (see above).
"""
env = _get_environ(environ)
wsgi_server_name = get_host(env).lower()
scheme = env["wsgi.url_scheme"]
upgrade = any(
v.strip() == "upgrade"
for v in env.get("HTTP_CONNECTION", "").lower().split(",")
)
if upgrade and env.get("HTTP_UPGRADE", "").lower() == "websocket":
scheme = "wss" if scheme == "https" else "ws"
if server_name is None:
server_name = wsgi_server_name
else:
server_name = server_name.lower()
# strip standard port to match get_host()
if scheme in {"http", "ws"} and server_name.endswith(":80"):
server_name = server_name[:-3]
elif scheme in {"https", "wss"} and server_name.endswith(":443"):
server_name = server_name[:-4]
if subdomain is None and not self.host_matching:
cur_server_name = wsgi_server_name.split(".")
real_server_name = server_name.split(".")
offset = -len(real_server_name)
if cur_server_name[offset:] != real_server_name:
# This can happen even with valid configs if the server was
# accessed directly by IP address under some situations.
# Instead of raising an exception like in Werkzeug 0.7 or
# earlier we go by an invalid subdomain which will result
# in a 404 error on matching.
warnings.warn(
f"Current server name {wsgi_server_name!r} doesn't match configured"
f" server name {server_name!r}",
stacklevel=2,
)
subdomain = "<invalid>"
else:
subdomain = ".".join(filter(None, cur_server_name[:offset]))
def _get_wsgi_string(name: str) -> str | None:
val = env.get(name)
if val is not None:
return _wsgi_decoding_dance(val)
return None
script_name = _get_wsgi_string("SCRIPT_NAME")
path_info = _get_wsgi_string("PATH_INFO")
query_args = _get_wsgi_string("QUERY_STRING")
return Map.bind(
self,
server_name,
script_name,
subdomain,
scheme,
env["REQUEST_METHOD"],
path_info,
query_args=query_args,
)
def update(self) -> None:
"""Called before matching and building to keep the compiled rules
in the correct order after things changed.
"""
if not self._remap:
return
with self._remap_lock:
if not self._remap:
return
self._matcher.update()
for rules in self._rules_by_endpoint.values():
rules.sort(key=lambda x: x.build_compare_key())
self._remap = False
def __repr__(self) -> str:
rules = self.iter_rules()
return f"{type(self).__name__}({pformat(list(rules))})"
class MapAdapter:
"""Returned by :meth:`Map.bind` or :meth:`Map.bind_to_environ` and does
the URL matching and building based on runtime information.
"""
def __init__(
self,
map: Map,
server_name: str,
script_name: str,
subdomain: str | None,
url_scheme: str,
path_info: str,
default_method: str,
query_args: t.Mapping[str, t.Any] | str | None = None,
):
self.map = map
self.server_name = server_name
if not script_name.endswith("/"):
script_name += "/"
self.script_name = script_name
self.subdomain = subdomain
self.url_scheme = url_scheme
self.path_info = path_info
self.default_method = default_method
self.query_args = query_args
self.websocket = self.url_scheme in {"ws", "wss"}
def dispatch(
self,
view_func: t.Callable[[str, t.Mapping[str, t.Any]], WSGIApplication],
path_info: str | None = None,
method: str | None = None,
catch_http_exceptions: bool = False,
) -> WSGIApplication:
"""Does the complete dispatching process. `view_func` is called with
the endpoint and a dict with the values for the view. It should
look up the view function, call it, and return a response object
or WSGI application. http exceptions are not caught by default
so that applications can display nicer error messages by just
catching them by hand. If you want to stick with the default
error messages you can pass it ``catch_http_exceptions=True`` and
it will catch the http exceptions.
Here a small example for the dispatch usage::
from werkzeug.wrappers import Request, Response
from werkzeug.wsgi import responder
from werkzeug.routing import Map, Rule
def on_index(request):
return Response('Hello from the index')
url_map = Map([Rule('/', endpoint='index')])
views = {'index': on_index}
@responder
def application(environ, start_response):
request = Request(environ)
urls = url_map.bind_to_environ(environ)
return urls.dispatch(lambda e, v: views[e](request, **v),
catch_http_exceptions=True)
Keep in mind that this method might return exception objects, too, so
use :class:`Response.force_type` to get a response object.
:param view_func: a function that is called with the endpoint as
first argument and the value dict as second. Has
to dispatch to the actual view function with this
information. (see above)
:param path_info: the path info to use for matching. Overrides the
path info specified on binding.
:param method: the HTTP method used for matching. Overrides the
method specified on binding.
:param catch_http_exceptions: set to `True` to catch any of the
werkzeug :class:`HTTPException`\\s.
"""
try:
try:
endpoint, args = self.match(path_info, method)
except RequestRedirect as e:
return e
return view_func(endpoint, args)
except HTTPException as e:
if catch_http_exceptions:
return e
raise
@t.overload
def match(
self,
path_info: str | None = None,
method: str | None = None,
return_rule: t.Literal[False] = False,
query_args: t.Mapping[str, t.Any] | str | None = None,
websocket: bool | None = None,
) -> tuple[t.Any, t.Mapping[str, t.Any]]: ...
@t.overload
def match(
self,
path_info: str | None = None,
method: str | None = None,
return_rule: t.Literal[True] = True,
query_args: t.Mapping[str, t.Any] | str | None = None,
websocket: bool | None = None,
) -> tuple[Rule, t.Mapping[str, t.Any]]: ...
def match(
self,
path_info: str | None = None,
method: str | None = None,
return_rule: bool = False,
query_args: t.Mapping[str, t.Any] | str | None = None,
websocket: bool | None = None,
) -> tuple[t.Any | Rule, t.Mapping[str, t.Any]]:
"""The usage is simple: you just pass the match method the current
path info as well as the method (which defaults to `GET`). The
following things can then happen:
- you receive a `NotFound` exception that indicates that no URL is
matching. A `NotFound` exception is also a WSGI application you
can call to get a default page not found page (happens to be the
same object as `werkzeug.exceptions.NotFound`)
- you receive a `MethodNotAllowed` exception that indicates that there
is a match for this URL but not for the current request method.
This is useful for RESTful applications.
- you receive a `RequestRedirect` exception with a `new_url`
attribute. This exception is used to notify you about a request
Werkzeug requests from your WSGI application. This is for example the
case if you request ``/foo`` although the correct URL is ``/foo/``
You can use the `RequestRedirect` instance as response-like object
similar to all other subclasses of `HTTPException`.
- you receive a ``WebsocketMismatch`` exception if the only
match is a WebSocket rule but the bind is an HTTP request, or
if the match is an HTTP rule but the bind is a WebSocket
request.
- you get a tuple in the form ``(endpoint, arguments)`` if there is
a match (unless `return_rule` is True, in which case you get a tuple
in the form ``(rule, arguments)``)
If the path info is not passed to the match method the default path
info of the map is used (defaults to the root URL if not defined
explicitly).
All of the exceptions raised are subclasses of `HTTPException` so they
can be used as WSGI responses. They will all render generic error or
redirect pages.
Here is a small example for matching:
>>> m = Map([
... Rule('/', endpoint='index'),
... Rule('/downloads/', endpoint='downloads/index'),
... Rule('/downloads/<int:id>', endpoint='downloads/show')
... ])
>>> urls = m.bind("example.com", "/")
>>> urls.match("/", "GET")
('index', {})
>>> urls.match("/downloads/42")
('downloads/show', {'id': 42})
And here is what happens on redirect and missing URLs:
>>> urls.match("/downloads")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
RequestRedirect: http://example.com/downloads/
>>> urls.match("/missing")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
NotFound: 404 Not Found
:param path_info: the path info to use for matching. Overrides the
path info specified on binding.
:param method: the HTTP method used for matching. Overrides the
method specified on binding.
:param return_rule: return the rule that matched instead of just the
endpoint (defaults to `False`).
:param query_args: optional query arguments that are used for
automatic redirects as string or dictionary. It's
currently not possible to use the query arguments
for URL matching.
:param websocket: Match WebSocket instead of HTTP requests. A
websocket request has a ``ws`` or ``wss``
:attr:`url_scheme`. This overrides that detection.
.. versionadded:: 1.0
Added ``websocket``.
.. versionchanged:: 0.8
``query_args`` can be a string.
.. versionadded:: 0.7
Added ``query_args``.
.. versionadded:: 0.6
Added ``return_rule``.
"""
self.map.update()
if path_info is None:
path_info = self.path_info
if query_args is None:
query_args = self.query_args or {}
method = (method or self.default_method).upper()
if websocket is None:
websocket = self.websocket
domain_part = self.server_name
if not self.map.host_matching and self.subdomain is not None:
domain_part = self.subdomain
path_part = f"/{path_info.lstrip('/')}" if path_info else ""
try:
result = self.map._matcher.match(domain_part, path_part, method, websocket)
except RequestPath as e:
# safe = https://url.spec.whatwg.org/#url-path-segment-string
new_path = quote(e.path_info, safe="!$&'()*+,/:;=@")
raise RequestRedirect(
self.make_redirect_url(new_path, query_args)
) from None
except RequestAliasRedirect as e:
raise RequestRedirect(
self.make_alias_redirect_url(
f"{domain_part}|{path_part}",
e.endpoint,
e.matched_values,
method,
query_args,
)
) from None
except NoMatch as e:
if e.have_match_for:
raise MethodNotAllowed(valid_methods=list(e.have_match_for)) from None
if e.websocket_mismatch:
raise WebsocketMismatch() from None
raise NotFound() from None
else:
rule, rv = result
if self.map.redirect_defaults:
redirect_url = self.get_default_redirect(rule, method, rv, query_args)
if redirect_url is not None:
raise RequestRedirect(redirect_url)
if rule.redirect_to is not None:
if isinstance(rule.redirect_to, str):
def _handle_match(match: t.Match[str]) -> str:
value = rv[match.group(1)]
return rule._converters[match.group(1)].to_url(value)
redirect_url = _simple_rule_re.sub(_handle_match, rule.redirect_to)
else:
redirect_url = rule.redirect_to(self, **rv)
if self.subdomain:
netloc = f"{self.subdomain}.{self.server_name}"
else:
netloc = self.server_name
raise RequestRedirect(
urljoin(
f"{self.url_scheme or 'http'}://{netloc}{self.script_name}",
redirect_url,
)
)
if return_rule:
return rule, rv
else:
return rule.endpoint, rv
def test(self, path_info: str | None = None, method: str | None = None) -> bool:
"""Test if a rule would match. Works like `match` but returns `True`
if the URL matches, or `False` if it does not exist.
:param path_info: the path info to use for matching. Overrides the
path info specified on binding.
:param method: the HTTP method used for matching. Overrides the
method specified on binding.
"""
try:
self.match(path_info, method)
except RequestRedirect:
pass
except HTTPException:
return False
return True
def allowed_methods(self, path_info: str | None = None) -> t.Iterable[str]:
"""Returns the valid methods that match for a given path.
.. versionadded:: 0.7
"""
try:
self.match(path_info, method="--")
except MethodNotAllowed as e:
return e.valid_methods # type: ignore
except HTTPException:
pass
return []
def get_host(self, domain_part: str | None) -> str:
"""Figures out the full host name for the given domain part. The
domain part is a subdomain in case host matching is disabled or
a full host name.
"""
if self.map.host_matching:
if domain_part is None:
return self.server_name
return domain_part
if domain_part is None:
subdomain = self.subdomain
else:
subdomain = domain_part
if subdomain:
return f"{subdomain}.{self.server_name}"
else:
return self.server_name
def get_default_redirect(
self,
rule: Rule,
method: str,
values: t.MutableMapping[str, t.Any],
query_args: t.Mapping[str, t.Any] | str,
) -> str | None:
"""A helper that returns the URL to redirect to if it finds one.
This is used for default redirecting only.
:internal:
"""
assert self.map.redirect_defaults
for r in self.map._rules_by_endpoint[rule.endpoint]:
# every rule that comes after this one, including ourself
# has a lower priority for the defaults. We order the ones
# with the highest priority up for building.
if r is rule:
break
if r.provides_defaults_for(rule) and r.suitable_for(values, method):
values.update(r.defaults) # type: ignore
domain_part, path = r.build(values) # type: ignore
return self.make_redirect_url(path, query_args, domain_part=domain_part)
return None
def encode_query_args(self, query_args: t.Mapping[str, t.Any] | str) -> str:
if not isinstance(query_args, str):
return _urlencode(query_args)
return query_args
def make_redirect_url(
self,
path_info: str,
query_args: t.Mapping[str, t.Any] | str | None = None,
domain_part: str | None = None,
) -> str:
"""Creates a redirect URL.
:internal:
"""
if query_args is None:
query_args = self.query_args
if query_args:
query_str = self.encode_query_args(query_args)
else:
query_str = None
scheme = self.url_scheme or "http"
host = self.get_host(domain_part)
path = "/".join((self.script_name.strip("/"), path_info.lstrip("/")))
return urlunsplit((scheme, host, path, query_str, None))
def make_alias_redirect_url(
self,
path: str,
endpoint: t.Any,
values: t.Mapping[str, t.Any],
method: str,
query_args: t.Mapping[str, t.Any] | str,
) -> str:
"""Internally called to make an alias redirect URL."""
url = self.build(
endpoint, values, method, append_unknown=False, force_external=True
)
if query_args:
url += f"?{self.encode_query_args(query_args)}"
assert url != path, "detected invalid alias setting. No canonical URL found"
return url
def _partial_build(
self,
endpoint: t.Any,
values: t.Mapping[str, t.Any],
method: str | None,
append_unknown: bool,
) -> tuple[str, str, bool] | None:
"""Helper for :meth:`build`. Returns subdomain and path for the
rule that accepts this endpoint, values and method.
:internal:
"""
# in case the method is none, try with the default method first
if method is None:
rv = self._partial_build(
endpoint, values, self.default_method, append_unknown
)
if rv is not None:
return rv
# Default method did not match or a specific method is passed.
# Check all for first match with matching host. If no matching
# host is found, go with first result.
first_match = None
for rule in self.map._rules_by_endpoint.get(endpoint, ()):
if rule.suitable_for(values, method):
build_rv = rule.build(values, append_unknown)
if build_rv is not None:
rv = (build_rv[0], build_rv[1], rule.websocket)
if self.map.host_matching:
if rv[0] == self.server_name:
return rv
elif first_match is None:
first_match = rv
else:
return rv
return first_match
def build(
self,
endpoint: t.Any,
values: t.Mapping[str, t.Any] | None = None,
method: str | None = None,
force_external: bool = False,
append_unknown: bool = True,
url_scheme: str | None = None,
) -> str:
"""Building URLs works pretty much the other way round. Instead of
`match` you call `build` and pass it the endpoint and a dict of
arguments for the placeholders.
The `build` function also accepts an argument called `force_external`
which, if you set it to `True` will force external URLs. Per default
external URLs (include the server name) will only be used if the
target URL is on a different subdomain.
>>> m = Map([
... Rule('/', endpoint='index'),
... Rule('/downloads/', endpoint='downloads/index'),
... Rule('/downloads/<int:id>', endpoint='downloads/show')
... ])
>>> urls = m.bind("example.com", "/")
>>> urls.build("index", {})
'/'
>>> urls.build("downloads/show", {'id': 42})
'/downloads/42'
>>> urls.build("downloads/show", {'id': 42}, force_external=True)
'http://example.com/downloads/42'
Because URLs cannot contain non ASCII data you will always get
bytes back. Non ASCII characters are urlencoded with the
charset defined on the map instance.
Additional values are converted to strings and appended to the URL as
URL querystring parameters:
>>> urls.build("index", {'q': 'My Searchstring'})
'/?q=My+Searchstring'
When processing those additional values, lists are furthermore
interpreted as multiple values (as per
:py:class:`werkzeug.datastructures.MultiDict`):
>>> urls.build("index", {'q': ['a', 'b', 'c']})
'/?q=a&q=b&q=c'
Passing a ``MultiDict`` will also add multiple values:
>>> urls.build("index", MultiDict((('p', 'z'), ('q', 'a'), ('q', 'b'))))
'/?p=z&q=a&q=b'
If a rule does not exist when building a `BuildError` exception is
raised.
The build method accepts an argument called `method` which allows you
to specify the method you want to have an URL built for if you have
different methods for the same endpoint specified.
:param endpoint: the endpoint of the URL to build.
:param values: the values for the URL to build. Unhandled values are
appended to the URL as query parameters.
:param method: the HTTP method for the rule if there are different
URLs for different methods on the same endpoint.
:param force_external: enforce full canonical external URLs. If the URL
scheme is not provided, this will generate
a protocol-relative URL.
:param append_unknown: unknown parameters are appended to the generated
URL as query string argument. Disable this
if you want the builder to ignore those.
:param url_scheme: Scheme to use in place of the bound
:attr:`url_scheme`.
.. versionchanged:: 2.0
Added the ``url_scheme`` parameter.
.. versionadded:: 0.6
Added the ``append_unknown`` parameter.
"""
self.map.update()
if values:
if isinstance(values, MultiDict):
values = {
k: (v[0] if len(v) == 1 else v)
for k, v in dict.items(values)
if len(v) != 0
}
else: # plain dict
values = {k: v for k, v in values.items() if v is not None}
else:
values = {}
rv = self._partial_build(endpoint, values, method, append_unknown)
if rv is None:
raise BuildError(endpoint, values, method, self)
domain_part, path, websocket = rv
host = self.get_host(domain_part)
if url_scheme is None:
url_scheme = self.url_scheme
# Always build WebSocket routes with the scheme (browsers
# require full URLs). If bound to a WebSocket, ensure that HTTP
# routes are built with an HTTP scheme.
secure = url_scheme in {"https", "wss"}
if websocket:
force_external = True
url_scheme = "wss" if secure else "ws"
elif url_scheme:
url_scheme = "https" if secure else "http"
# shortcut this.
if not force_external and (
(self.map.host_matching and host == self.server_name)
or (not self.map.host_matching and domain_part == self.subdomain)
):
return f"{self.script_name.rstrip('/')}/{path.lstrip('/')}"
scheme = f"{url_scheme}:" if url_scheme else ""
return f"{scheme}//{host}{self.script_name[:-1]}/{path.lstrip('/')}"